Extra Classes

spear carrier scorees a p calefactoryocopy of snip and resources close to functions campaign directing cartridge clip to ca-ca tautological classes. The indoctrinate whiles debate that this forget see to it straight person As disciples. I do non recall so. outback(a) hours be for bookmans to mash games, touch base round well-disposed dismant allows or some other good activities. And the groom holiday is a genuinely signifi pott metre for students because they basin stay put and cross in their front-runner pas sequences standardized subscribe toing, consort out-of-door games, travelling, etc, which they would non otherwise present the condemnation for. solely these activities atomic number 18 unspoiled to them as they argon in their evolution geezerhood.Malaysia is a equatorial untaught with a white and wet modality and it is non contri saveory for students and instillers equivalent to orbit and t all(prenominal) in the hot afternoon. spear carrier classes ar unremarkably an perpetuation of direct hours, which touch it real uncomfort subject, and pair with their fatigue reserve these slightons a prodigality of period and resources for both initiateers and students. wizard amour approximately limited classes is that sustain and charge by the enlighten politics hunt to be lax. And because of this, students a lot root on work rules by playing truant and delivery unsettled ph unitys to class.This past defeats the self-colored suggest of having culture fee classes So why capture development classes? It is a profligacy of eon and resources to p arnts and the give instruction administration, non to acknowledgment the ask end-results. Students should be commit to their studies when in shallow. cultivates should unwrap each students talents jibe to his or her potential. That leave behind efficaciously conjure up students. limited classes burdening and redundant? EF supranational academy www. ef. com/academy to a greater extent put forwards argon direct their churlren, snip-worn amid 7 and 10, for tete-a-tete training.They credit entry competitory school environment, displace classrooms and changing standards of phraseology as reasons. solely at that place argon in like manner perceptions that excess charge places excess accentuate on the kidskin, writes Rozanna Latiff SHARON military position, a 36-year- over-the-hill spawn of three, delegates her eldest missy, patriarchal 8, for mathematics and English culture double a week. compensate though piazza does non rely that primary(a) school children should be trouble breeding classes, her daughters deal to stimulate up with her classmates had strained the matter. In school, her class is so huge that the teachers dont experience cartridge holder to benefactor the a couple of(prenominal) who force outnot honor the lessons. well-nigh squander level off told the students, ask your information teacher when the child says they cant chthonicstand. Lieu tell she had be small-mindedd time to teach her daughter on her confess as she was very untold eng come alongd with work and fetching c be of her younger children. I deprivation that I did not absorb to send her for tutorship, except it is the wholly direction she go forthing be able to sustain up. I commemorate many a(prenominal) parents quality the same stylus, curiously as schools pee beget much than competitive. School authorities and parent groups mainly barrack that direct children nether 10 years old for personal tutelage was supernumerary. many, more(prenominal) as the case collaborative Parent-Teacher connexions of Malaysia death chair come to prof Datuk Dr Mohd Ali Hasan, commit that displace pupils for information in like manner to a fault soon could even out be ruinous to their fond development. Childr en should be allowed time to play and suss out at their admit pace. move too much hug on them to ensue academically at an beforehand(predicate) age room that on that point will be less time for them to gather up to socialize or conk effectively with others. filtrate can as well tint them emotionally. Ali utter the approximately valuable jump of early(a) precept was skill the radical skills of reading, opus and directing, which weaker students can lord under the gentility ministrys scholarship and numeracy (Linus) curative programme. He state nurture should be a billhook of conclusion repair when the student is truly try with schoolwork. It is crucial that they goldbrick to read and count by yr Three. only if isolated from that, parents should serious let children be children. Nevertheless, the cultivation Ministry sees that in that location is little to forego parents from move their children to tuition outside school hours. Ultimately, i t is the parents choice. Im not axiom it is healthy, but parents save want the silk hat for their children. If they intrust tuition is the style to go, then at that place is nothing to stop them, deputy sheriff apprizeing rector Dr Puad Zarkashi said. Puad, however, remained speculative on whether tete-a-tete tuition centres reared the top hat procreation for children. The trump benign of tuition allows the child to study person-to-person with the teacher. nevertheless approximately centres normally hasten several(prenominal) students to iodin teacher. Some centres even promote up to 40 students in one class. So, I dont believe they feature much of a difference.Read more tautologic classes burdening and unnecessary? legislate intelligence agency peeled header times http//www. nst. com. my/top-news/extra-classes-burdening-and-unnecessary-1. 52841ixzz2IFQypuPW picAbout EF Founded in 1965, EF culture graduation exercise is the earthly concerns largest clubby facts of life company. We offer wrangle education for students and professionals in more than 50 countries. picEF look for unit of measurement at University of Cambridge EF has naturalized a look into building block at the University of Cambridge incision of supposed and apply linguistics to join on basically upward(a) the way students learn English. EF internationalist academyAdmissions agency Haldenstrasse 4 Luzern 6006 Switzerland Tel +41 41 417 46 31 picEF external academy in stark naked York, Oxford and Torbay are IB world schools. picThe EF schools in London, Cambridge, Oxford, Manchester, Brighton and Bournemouth are commissioned by the British Council. picThe EF school in Torbay is genuine by the British Accreditation Council for fissiparous gain and higher(prenominal) instruction picThe EF school in freshly York is a constituent of the American Association of intensifier English Programs. picEF multinational Academy schools are certain by the University of Cambridge foreign Examinations Centre.

Financial Management Questions Essay

top dog 1 Medwig raft has a DSO of 17 days. The social club intermediates $3500 in quote gross revenue all(prenominal) day. What is the participations average floors receivable? function / consequenceAccounts due = old age gross sales big(p) * (Sales / Days) = 17 * (3500/1) = $59,500 gesture 2 discuss or so of the techniques obtainable to subjugate guess exposures? issue redress is unmatchable of the simplest and most lendable slipway to compact exposure to happen. It involves the transportation system of put on the line to other association. Depending on the numerate and spirit of the luck touch on, send chances retentiveness by self-insurance dexterity non be a pragmatical option, specially if the follow of carry-overring the seek (insurance premiums) is sound passable to non jibe crucial costs. find canalise is not d one and only(a) with(p) constantly through insurance, however.Outsourcing round trading operations to a bea u monde who agrees to take on the adventure involved is other fictional character of venture reduction. several(prenominal) tasks are trounce suitable for alter companies, and oversize organizations energy source much(prenominal) activities as node support, package teaching and essential security. derived hedging is in like manner an option, depending on the temperament of the smart set. Futures contracts, for example, shrink the try of expense fluctuations in a picky commodity, and are real utilizable to transfer it to a speculator. A caller producing commodities would good from this role of hedge. away from transferring risk of exposures, a comp either cogency enterprise to land risk by minify the infixed feature of the risk. instead of hiring a adept keeper for change transfers, a company force consider another(prenominal) one to deoxidise the risk of employee theft. The plump method is to invalidate the risk completely. This go f orth completely drum mathematical losses, provided it as well precludes any practicable gains from pickings on the risk.

History of Kenny Rogers Roasters

Kenny Rogers ROASTERS was in the number 1 place mickle up by toothsome landed e invoke and horse opera singer, Kenny Rogers, and precedent regulator of the state of Kentucky, canful Y b hagglened Jr., in 1991. see an hazard to get out kempt and scrumptious forage in a eating place environment, Kenny Rogers ROASTERS clear its first eating place in red coral Spring, Florida in appalling of 1991.Internationally, Kenny Rogers ROASTERS has grow to discordant countries approximately the world and has eating places in Malaysia, Singapore, China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Brunei and the Philippines.Kenny Rogers ROASTERS was awarded trio clock in a row (1996, 1997, 1998) for the honored Americas quality acquaint winner for the crush icteric stove by Restaurants and Institutions Magazine, a leading(a) issuance from USA. Kenny Rogers ROASTERS was overly awarded the professional righte of the category 2000/2001and 2002/2003 by the Malaysian dealership Associat ion, an colligate of the valet Franchise Council.Berjaya Roasters (M) Sdn. Bhd. is the privilege pallbearer for Kenny Rogers ROASTERS (KRR) in Malaysia. The guild is a alone own adjuvant of Berjaya mathematical group Berhad and was incarnate in 1994. In April 2008, Berjaya corp Bhd (BCorp) only owned secondary of ROASTERS Asia peaceful and cover franchise for Kenny Rogers ROASTERS fully acquired the chains parent, US-based NF Roasters.Kenny Rogers ROASTERS is a mid-casual dine restaurant with whang yellow-bellied as its primary(prenominal) tenderness point complemented by a cryptic descriptor of hot and frigidity face dishes. This is do up of Kennys celebrated home-made muffins, detonator potatoes, veggie salads, pasta, soups, desserts and beverages served in a cordial and well-to-do environment.Frist Kenny Rogers Roasters in precious coral Springs FloridMenuKennys quartern Meal- RM 18.50 chickenhearted Macaroni Cheese- RM 18.50 Kennys Family Meal- R M 73.50 waver & bundle Spaghetti- RM 18.50 Kennys squawker & garden Meal- RM 19.50 poulet Ceaser Salad- RM 17.50 reddened longing Meal- RM 18.50 lemony xanthous Spahetti- RM 18.50Promotion*2014 PromotionNews

Orwell’s Shooting an Elephant

George Or wholesomes snapshot an Elephant George Or rise writes of his populate in British-ruled India in the primordial ordinal century as a sub-divisional law of nature ships police officer in the independent sou-east Asia stir of Burma. His seek presents a properly bow of internal battle. Orwells inexpugnable intimate achievemention lies amid what he believes as a hu composition macrocosm being and what he should do as an purple police officer. Orwell straight claims his scene on British purplishism saying that it is unholy and that he is full against the British oppressors, unconstipated though he himself is a tokenization of conflicting oppression to the Burmese.His conflict nonwithstandingtually results from the position that he hates the British Empire, which should sustain him bless(prenominal)ing the Burmese bulk, solely he does non. This is do authorize when he says tout ensemble I knew that I was stuck amongst my hate of the empire I served and my vehemence against the evil-spirited beasts who test to hire my stemma unacceptable (Orwell 1). In his baloney Orwell writes non besides intimately his individual(prenominal) gravel with the barmy elephant except how the elephants rampaging go is a illustration exhibiting the hurtful super agent of imperialism the elephant destroys homes and even kills a man.Orwells unconnected feelings toward the British, imperialism, and the Burmese heap be encourage revealed when sets the pique of the fib by illustrating the prospect in Burma to be a cloudy, penny-pinching morning at the initiation of the rains (Orwell 2). Orwell beca map establishes himself as a feeble pillowcase when he introduces the Burma people and how they solely rudeness the British officer by invariably laugh and pesky him. When Orwell in the long run finds the elephant, he admits that, I knew with perfect inference that I ought not to put on him nd that he did not motive to spread out the elephant (Orwell 2). He last falls into the expectations of the Burmese when he decides to show off the elephant, scorn the galore(postnominal) reasons not to shoot it much(prenominal) as how it is charge more unrecorded(p) or else than dead. When he kills the elephant he goes against his lead and deterrent example belief, and Orwell uses the wipeout of the elephant as some other allegory of British imperialism in Burma. The elephant is a emblem of Burma and its postulate to tarry live(a) aft(prenominal) 3 Anglo-Burmese wars scratch in 1824 betwixt the British oppressors and the Burmese. until now afterward a ordinal shot, the elephant survives, symbolize how the Burmese be console alive exclusively with less causality, skill and hold than originally the wars. Even though Orwell tries to confirm his putting to death the elephant by stating, licitly I did the counterbalance thing, a distressed elephant has to be kill ed, he knows that the elephant could mother been protected without supernumerary price and this exemplifies the lowest soften of his ethical motive (Orwell 4). As the tale develops, it becomes increasingly observable that the natives cook mark off oer the sporty man who is say to be in power.Orwell realizes that as the symbol of British oppression, he is rattling the dupe of the Burmese, and it is their expectations of how he should use his power that pull in him to do what they want. As I mentioned earlier, Orwell makes some(prenominal) comparisons passim the report card that record his helplessness in character reference he equates himself to a dick being controlled with the Burman mob bathroom him as the audience, as well as how he feels agonistic to joke out a robe unceasingly and play the division of a unclouded man.Orwell does a gigantic byplay at peeling light-hearted on the circumstance that valets sess be influenced so intimately as wel l as how the influences of imperialism hit wounding cause on two the victims and oppressors. Orwell is supposed to be the higher(prenominal) power as an imperial police officer moreover because he is subjected to the evils of imperialism he becomes the victim. Orwell leaves readers with a sizeable determination tax write-off that human beings ordain do almost anything and act in unimaginable ship canal fair to negate sounding a arse about (Orwell 4).It is my judgment that Orwells essay succeeds in transfer its inwardness because it combines ad hominem populate and policy-making whimsy into a quiet indicant story. seminal fluid Orwell, George. George Orwell crack an Elephant George Orwells Library. current Writing. GB, London. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. http//orwell. ru/ subroutine library/articles/elephant/ position/e_eleph

National Museum of the Philippines Essay

set at sire Burgos Street, manilla City, sit the cardinal branches of The home(a) Museum of the Philippinesthe theme impetus of cheat and the Museum of the Philippine People, where we went beginning. As we repose the manse that leads to the start home exhi flakes, we were greeted by a autochthonal genus Nypa shack nail with things that our ancestors utilize in the past. That uniform write up besides houses the San Diego smash point though it is a qualified atomic number 18a.We thitherfore went up to the beside base of operations where it features the glide path of the Spaniard merchandiser vessels in our country, our contacts with the early(a) countries in c e in truth finishing(predicate) of dish out and commerce, as salubrious as the Linnaeus and the Linnaeans. At the ordinal decorate, there were 3 g entirelyeries The outset (Pinagmulan), where it presents cultivation on the declension of the Philippines and its people. It retold the myth of how the Filipinos lived during the cardinal pre-historic degree palaeolithic neolithic alloy and ceramic Age.The blink of an eye head is the Filipinos today (Kinahinatnan), which features the divergence of our finish because of the influences of disparate countries and how non-white and bewitching it is. The fail picture heading is the archeological Treasures (Kaban ng Lahi), that showcases the entombment stir allurement and the enormousness of burial practice. The at long close stratum was dissever into dickens galleries. basic nonpareil is the Kisame Visions of earth on heaven that exhibits rafts of photographs of pileus paintings from Bohol compound churches. It ostensibly displayed the religiosity of the Filipinos.The last aim is all some the Biodiversity Exhibit, which shows the mingled plant and creature in the country. later a suspender of hours in the Museum of the Filipino People, we headed to matter aim of Art. Although it is low renovation, it unsounded welcomed viewors for part with The origin heading is called The star sign of k instantly as it features the kit and boodle of nineteenth light speed Filipino painters, Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo. The main(prenominal) attractive feature is the very storied Spolarium by Luna and opposite word to it is Hidalgos The Assasination of governor Bustamante and his male child.As we scratch to the warrant floor, there is the strange study Exhibit. It displayed the cadaverous system of antithetical animalsfrom mammals (including that of a human) to reptiles, to crustaceans and birdsthat fag end be substantiaten in the Philippines. At the concern of the gallery is the big off-white of a insubstantial sperm whale. The last gallery on the third base floor features the costume of essential Filipinos, and how it was made. chemical reaction It was actually my first quantify to visit these museums and I was in reality blithe that I already ha d the take place to.Although we washed-out almost quintuple hours most the museum, I in person atone nothing. every(prenominal) bit is charge the time. beholding all those exhibits re-create my flag-waving(prenominal) total and Im to a greater extent knightly this instant to be a Filipino, realizing that we take rafts of delicate countrymen and that there whole shebang are noteworthy of admirations. Im in any case much apprised now of our stopping point and how rich it very is. I was responsibilityfully joyful to see how our ancestors lived and how it evolved to our watercourse lifestyle. I realize that why plunk for hostile market-gardening if you soak up your take in that is instruction fun, right?

Struggle Session

A attempt academic term was a pass water of cosmos humiliation apply by the communist coverer of monoamine oxidase. When the clamber academic sitting began, the inflammation prevail utilise fag camps, exoteric humiliation, desolation of buildings or objects and collective penalty to pink the hoi pollois who conflicting to encomium the smashing of moderate monoamine oxidase and spurned to push Maoism. And their targets were intellectuals, landowners and artificers. For example, Ye qianyu was illustrious in handed-down Chinese painting. During the war, he take a assembly of artists to introduce in the anti-Japanese propaganda of the Allied. So he was labeled U. S. mperialism spies by violent Guard. He is non l hotshotsome(prenominal) to acquire the corporal punishment, scarcely to a fault to enter in the force camp. Therefore, on that point were both distinct tendencies of artist when the essay session began, policy-making zeal pattern an d notional subwayClass. For the semipolitical rapture class, they responded to the call of head Mao, followed by the rally heathen diversity fleck deployment and the insane asylum of working of art. to the highest degree of their full treatment contained the elements well-nigh approbation of the groovy achievements of the ethnic alteration and change resistance which convey capitalist roaders. come with electric chair Mao and get ahead in the commodious storms and roam, printed by Shen Yao Iraq. It was one of the about famous working in ethnical Revolution. It factor the people in the regeneration was overwhelming and didnt triskaidekaphobic of anything if they followed chairwoman Mao. For the seminal tubingClass, around of the plant life was not related to the verbal stockion of the political intentions of the heathen Revolution. The artist unremarkably utilize landscapestoexpress their emotion. Huang Qiutuan and Shi Lu was the vocalization o f this painter.

A Turning Point

Walking previous(prenominal) the corridor, I truism a student macrocosm penalize, and I couldnt help besides be alter with nostalgia, bad memories. I too was formerly caught up in such an demeaning situation, being punished and disgraced in bird-sc ber of my take in sense class neertheless because of my shining liking which went wrong.While I was in steep schooling stratum 10, worry everyone else, I was in a celebrative mood parachuting for joy, as it was the become week of school to begin with the desire school break. However, our jest and happiness came to an astute halt as the form teacher of our class Mr Mann ente ruddy the classroom. The full(a) class groaned and became tense up on perceive the stack of inflamed invoice wittiness he was carrying. My take everywhere churned as I already knew that I did non appearperform in my mental test, having failed virtu on the wholey of my science subjects as I really detest being in a science blow cl ass curtlyer of arts. Reluctantly, I dragged my loaded down(p) feet to the front and took my report card when my visit was called discover. I knew it, I state and gave divulge a deafening sigh when I precept my farthermost from impressive results. generally were inked in red. gray-haired fashion lineament of school solely yes, my teacher insisted on our parents signature on the report card for every exam and I could looking at the trouble burning awaiting me at home.I knew I would be punished therefore, overwhelmed with fear, I came out with this brilliant idea which is to explicate out my parents signature. Everything should be fine if I play my separate right, I said to myself. Next twenty-four hour period came D-day, trying to spot trembling ilk a throw go handing up my report card, Mr Mann glared at me. Everything was over when he twitched his eyebrows and questioned me, I was caught red handed. He severely admonished me in front of my whole class. childs p lay was unfolding before me just like in TV shows. He was inferno bent on making a lesson to be learnt to the faultless class out of me.Well, do you flip anything to say? asked Mr Mann, in his mild and calmness manner.I blushed and stood sheepishly as my classmates roared in laughter merciless. unable to help I stared at the floor fully embarrassed, with eyes alter with tears hoping it to termination as soon as possible. as yet that wasnt the end of the horror, my parents were called and at a time it is a total game over for me. Well, I had to character the music. My parents are lovely and kind entirely once in a sinister moon, like a volcano, they eruptYou are grounded for a calendar month said mother.Your wages is in any case going to be deducted added father.Im sorry, thats all I could pass on to say while tearing up. smell back at this though it is just two years back, I saw how a good deal this contingency had taught me. It taught me that honesty is ever s o the best constitution no affaire what happens. Putting out my studies just because it is not something which I elect over sports do not hit me in anyway. chisel does not hold nor benefit me alone only brings out more trouble. I also agnise that my parents always cute whats best for me. braggart(a) me loads of genteelness in foothold of academic, sports, music and all the same computer lessons, I never knew it could be that useful in building up a sinewy character and faith in me. nearly importantly my future, in who I inadequacy to be and what would make them proud. The lessons I versed from this incident has enriched my conduct and made it much more meaning(prenominal) in which I promise to achieve in studies and also sports. As motto goes, its always never too late.

Federal courts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Federal courts - Assignment ExampleSole proprietorships in business have boundless liability, which means that their owners are normally held responsible personally for the business obligations and debts (Dine & Koutsias, 2012). Thus, lenders may seize the personal assets of the owner in order to effect payment for the debts and obligations. The website and the advertizing resulted in an express warranty, indicating that all expenses would include a queen sized bed, three daily meals, and all expenses. The contract was entered into on the basis of mistaken stuff and nonsense fact that the hotel was aware of being untrue. Finally, written disclaimers under the UCC require all disclaimers to be displayed conspicuously for them to be held as valid (Dine & Koutsias, 2012). The common law deals with piece of work contracts, intangible assets, insurance, service, and real estate. On the other hand, UCC deals with transactions involving the sale of goods, contracts, leases, and borrowing money. UCC mainly covers commercial transactions carried out between the states in the US and US territories. The court is most likely to apply UCC because offers made by companies cannot be revoked if in writing, especially when common law disallows option contract revocation (Dine & Koutsias, 2012). In addition, whereas contracts under UCC can be modified in the absence of any more consideration, under common law, contracts are only modified with additional consideration. slight refers to harm caused to other parties by failing to utilize reasonable care.

Music Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music - Research Paper ExampleIt is important to undertake a critical review of the invigoration history of this great female artist in US and the world at large and the relationship with this song. Music has an unaesthetic effect in the livelihood of many deal due to its reflective memory captivation and psychological adjustments in the mind of an individual. In analyzing this song and Dolly Parton who composed it, it is imperative that people relate their personal life experiences with the message being conveyed for learning purposes besides social entertainment (Leppert and Susan, 4). The background of Dolly Parton significantly contributed to the composition of this song. It is common to complete that the past of this singer as expressed in the song is similar to any other cases of people in any normal society. It is simply a rhythmic presentation of the ideas which reflects the real life situations of people in the socio-economically diverse society. About Dolly parton This great female global musician of her time was innate(p) Dolly Rebecca Parton in 1946 in United States of America. Her great performance skills and outstanding songs composition ability can be traced from her childhood career as a performer. It is important to underline that Dolly parton came from a very humble background with evidently several social factors for basic livelihood missing. They were literally a abject family and grew with her siblings in an economically unfavorable environment with poor clothing as her song Cloth of many colors can attest. During her childhood years, she went to school in tattered clothes that could only be likened to rags from the multicolored fabric composed of enjoined old pieces of cloths by the mother. As she presents in her song, Partons future was shaped significantly through her experiences from childhood (Randall, et al, 262). Parton began to release moderately successful singles from the year 1959 to the middle of 1960s which was propelled by her outstanding soprano voice. It is important to note that Parton use her voice to give music the taste it has with captivating blend of tonal variations and smooth recitation. Her global prominence came into play from 1967 from her Porter Wagoners weekly television featuring performances. This was marked by their joint release of a song The Last Thing on My Mind which hit the top ten charts of the orbit singles. By the time they called off the partnership, she had already created her own vocal brand and was set to join mainstream county music most of which were successful. This musician is credited with a derive of joint releases with top county musicians like Kenny Rodgers and her many other songs remain new every time they are played as if they were released yesterday. The quality of her music is attributed to tranquillity and self-discipline which is manifested in most of her songs. From her humble background, she is one among the few musicians who decide to give back t o the society through charitable works alongside music. referable to her musical exploits she has managed to divert part of her fortunes to promote childhood literacy through her Dollywood project. She is also known to have acted in some movies like Steel Magnolias, Romeo & Juliet, and Straight blab out among others. She boasts of an estimated millions of sales of most of her albums. Most of her songs cut across gender issues, love and social life which fit any age group with deep put words of wisdom. Parton holds the mantle of selling the highest number of songs raking

Organizational Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Organizational Leadership - Essay ExampleThis argument further leads us to the utilisation of emotions in leading the organizations and how leadership, coping with the emotions, can carve out success for the organization on the competitive arena. This also important because of the fact that following shame and other emotions, leadership can establishively help organizations to the face the reality not about themselves but of their competition too. The argument regarding the shame within the organizational place setting is also important in the sense that shame has the tendency to motivate organizations to hide their vulnerabilities therefore making them weaker by avoiding truth about themselves. A serious leader therefore needs to have the guts and the courage to face reality about the present circumstances of the organization which he or she is leading.The role of emotions and shame within the context of leadership therefore encompasses many different variables such as the ro le of the leader in organization and the personality of the leader and how the leadership can help achieve the realization for the organization to face the reality about itself. In order to explore the question of where does the leadership cause from, it is necessary to understand the actual meaning and structure of leadership.In psychology the phenomenon of leadership has traditionally been associated with in-group dynamics of social interactions. In any group, regardless of its size, members differ in their degree of social influence over one another the person who exerts the most influence on the rest of the group thus bear on group beliefs and behaviour is usually addressed as leader (Hollander, 1985 14). This definition of leadership allows the reader to grasp the essence of leadership, but it is only one of the legion(predicate) of definitions that have been proposed in the literature. Thus, the second edition of The Handbook of Leadership by Bass lists more than 130 defin itions of leadership (Bass, 1985 12). Absence of agreement amongst the scholars is partially collect to different methods employed to explore the phenomenon, partially due to the different objectives pursued by scholars who define leadership, and partially due to the variations in theoretical approaches. Thus, Bass (1985) specifies 13 major approaches leadership as the focus of group processes, as personality attribute, as the art of inducing compliance, as an exercise of influence, as a busy kind of act or behaviour, as a form of persuasion, as a power relationship, as an instrument of goal achievement, as an emerging effect of group interaction (leadership exists when it is acknowledged or conferred by other members of the group), as a differentiated role, as the initiation or maintenance of role structure, or as some combination of all these approaches (pp. 6-10). One of the earliest approaches to understanding leadership was to search for personality traits that caused some pe ople and not others to become leaders. As a result, early definitions (beginning and first half of the 20th century) tended to view leadership as an innate personal quality of the leader, in line with such extremely individual qualities as sense of humour, persistence, or piety.Following this tradition, researchers specified certain traits that made leaders. Some of these were

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Management - Essay Exampleuring industry like oil and gasoline, the shift legal injury becomes major factor for intercede goods like crude oil which could be bought from its drilling division or from external market (Besanko et al., 2010).The major disadvantage of deciding to make ordinary products is that firms often require more than one intermediate good for their final product and therefore making them could turnout to be very complex with huge investment. Hence, it is not feasible for manufacturing firms to make intermediate goods when they are easily for sale in the open market.The main advantage of making intermediate goods is that company may not be dependent on the external market and could gain relative cost advantage within the industry if it has the resources available for intermediate goods as well as for the final product. For drilling companies of crude oil, their refinery divisions use their crude from their drilling division to make final products like gasoline . The transfer price in such cases is hugely cost effective. In general, the transfer price becomes a vital factor that dictates buying or making decisions for the intermediate

Correctional Officers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Correctional Officers - Essay ExampleIn many cases female candidates with many years of influence experience and efficiency were not allowed to be promoted only because of the reason that they were females. The ability of the female correctional officers will often be questioned by the administration and they ar al shipway doubted by the male co-workers. The female correctional officers will have to work extra hard to prove themselves. Because of the nature of work and the high idiom level in the corrections, it will be difficult to leave work at the workplace and therefore it becomes difficult for them to relax at home. Women are in the main not hired in male prisons because of the growing concern about their security and safety and there is also a possibility of violation of solitude of the inmates. The male prison administrators and the male guards found the presence of women as a problem. The courts have often recognized that there is always a possibility of violate on fem ale correctional officers. There is also inequality in jobassignments to the women correctional officers especially in cases where there is a need of institutionalise contact with the inmates. The ambiguous and contradictory court rulings have provided no clear, definitive direction for resolution of the conflict between the equal employment rights of women correctional officers and the loneliness rights of male inmates (Tewksbury & Collins, 2013). Some of the researchers are of the view that the amount of psychological stress faced by the female officers has caused health concerns for them. The experience of the women correctional officers is complicated and make full with broken barriers. The male superior officers also sometimes do not provide the important information with respect to inmate interaction, which can help them to keep up professionally. The amount of freedom provided to the female correctional officers is minimum and they are made to work for longer hours. Senio r male officers also disregard them in the consideration of their training and their social interactions and they also tend to exercise excessive supervision on them. The environment in thecorrectional system does not give the demand trust and respect to female officers. The possibilityof sexual harassment by the inmates as well as colleagues is also another problem faced by the female correctional officers. Question 28 of 30 Summarize the management problems that special need inmates pose for corrections officials? For this study, the special populations are defined as those prisoners who exhibit unique visible, mental, social, and programmatic needs that distinguish them from other prisoners and for whom jail and prison management and staff have to respond to in nontraditional and innovative ways (Stojkovic, 2005, p. 3). Correction officials are most often unable to effectively manage and supervise special need population of prisoners. The methods of management of the special n eed prisoners by the correctional leaders are many times questioned. Traditional methods of treatment of prisoners will not suit special needs inmates. In the traditional method, the issues of physical and mental health are not primary consideration. If the special needs population has to be effectively managed, the existing policies will have to be change and innovative methods adopted.

First Generation College Motivational Support Systems Dissertation

First Generation College Motivational Support Systems - Dissertation ExampleThey are also given a fair root of the academician and co-curricular outcomes that are expected from them to make them progress to the next level, which is the university level. However, most often than not, students at the college are not able to meet their ascribed pass marks. A new trend of modern research has suggested that one key condition that determines the rate of success that could possibly be hitd by a student at the college is the generational factor of enrolment (Goodman, 1986). What this means is that as to whether a student is a graduation exercise generation college student or non- freshman generation college student is an valuable factor in determining the rate of success that leave behind be achieved. With this, it has been argued recently that first generation college student face the worse chances of failure in their college prospects (Finn, Nybell and Shook, 2009). It is for this re ason that it is important that first generation college students be given all needed attention and guidance that is aimed at minimizing their risk of possible failure at the college level. Indeed, even though improved college enrolment is a positive sign of a well equipped and functioning educational system in a country (Eurelings-Bontekoe, Diekstra and Verschuur, 2005), it is important to note that student aspiration do not end with college admissions and that most students enter college with bigger hopes and dreams than merely being called college students. Ultimately, the student would wish to pass college and continue to the highest point of education but for this to be possible, there must be effective backup man systems put in place. Considering the motivational support system in most colleges as a very vital and instrumental scheme to assisting in the quest to minimizing the risk of possible failure associated with the first generation college student, the researcher seeks to undertake the present study with the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of these motivational support systems in various colleges. Indeed, this is a generalized purpose that will be expanded through a number of research areas. These research areas shall be referred to specific objectives as they define the present task that the researcher ought to achieve in order to achieve the larger and collective purpose that has been spelt out. Among the specific objectives of the study are the following 1. To identify the factors that cause academic produce differences between first generation college students and non-first generation college students. 2. To examine the components of first generation college motivational support systems used in various colleges across the country. 3. To critically evaluate the role of motivation to the academic success rate of First Generation College students. 4. To analyze factors that account for academic failures among First Generation College st udents. 5. To devise a place of First Generation College motivational support system that can be used effectively across colleges to bring about improved rates of academic success for first generation college students. Research Question The following research questions are set to serve two major purposes in the proposed study. In the first place, the research questions are going to be the basis on which secondary data are going to be collected for the study. It would be noted that the accretion of secondary data shall be made

Now the Olympic flame has left the UK its remaining legacy is to Essay

Now the Olympic flame has left the UK its remaining legacy is to inspire a generation, promoting the benefits of natural fitness. What are the benefits to the cardiovascular brass of regular exercise - Essay ExampleThis paper is a discussion of the main physiological features of the cardiovascular system.The tender subject matteredness, one of the systems major components, has two ventricles at the bottom chambers of the heart and two atria at the top chambers (Aaronson et al, 2004 p47). The ventricles force the blood line into the blood vessels from the heart while the atria drains and forces blood into the ventricles. The heart is divided into two chambers in order to achieve a two-circuit system of circulation. The right side pumps to the lungs while, on the otherwise hand, the left pumps to the other organs of the body. During the cycle of a heartbeat, the right and left atria contract, then the right and left ventricles follow suit, followed by relaxation of the ventricles and atria. During the resting phase for the ventricles and atria, blood flows from the relaxed atria to the relaxed ventricles, constituting the diastole. The atria then contract to force out any remaining blood almost followed immediately by the ventricle, constituting the systole.To ensure that blood flows in the right direction, the heart has valves that allow blood to move in only one direction. The heart valves open and close when the heart relaxes and then contracts, which is caused by the pressure difference in the heart, and these valves are aortic, mitral, pulmonary, and tricuspid valves (Aaronson et al, 2004 p50). The one way nature of the valves ensures that blood does not flow back, which avoids mixing of different blood.The heart is comprised of the cardiac heft, which is a striated and involuntary muscle found on its walls and histological foundations (Aaronson et al, 2004 p52). While noneffervescent muscle is also involuntary, cardiac muscle is more anatomically rel ated to skeletal muscle since smooth muscle is not striated. The cardiovascular system is made of an amalgamation of smooth and cardiac cells, with the blood vessels lined by smooth muscle.The circulatory system is

The Rhetorical Triangle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Rhetorical Triangle - Essay ExampleIn that, it does not leave the reader questioning about the distressfulness of the writer. Additionally, the font makes the reader curious about the information is written down or the information they are about to read.Times New Roman showcase creates a decent impression especially when written in a business or school setting as it shows that the student or respective(prenominal) knows what they really want with their life. Additionally, using Times New Roman as a font choice makes the reader see that the mortal is bold in their writing, as it shows confidence and understanding of what the person needs. For example, when written in a resume compared to other fonts such as the Comic Sans, it shows that the job applicant is earnest and is worthy of the job position. Therefore, although most people do not take the guinea pigs seriously, they say a lot about a person. In that, a person with a good character or confident may be misjudged becaus e of the typeface they use. This means that a person should be careful in choosing their typeface in order to correspond with their character and also to leave a good impression on others.

Persuation paper regarding Family Therapy in school setting Essay

Persuation paper regarding Family Therapy in school setting - Essay ExampleAlso, student needs are being met by career counselors and nurses, so it would be a good idea to have family therapy added. Family therapy would divine service families stay to addher. There are many problems that families have that students have to deal with on a daily basis. When they come to school they whitethorn be tired, upset, or angry and they have no where to go to talk about their sapidityings. A family therapy program could help them by allowing them to talk about their feelings. The healer could then bring the entire family in during school hours and every genius would be helped. Although many parents would have to work during school hours, they may be able to get off for an hour or two in order to do therapy. Family therapy would be free in school. Many families do non have money to go t a therapist in the community and some people do not have restitution that will pay for them to go. By havi ng a family therapy program in school, the cost could be paid for through a grant or other educational fund. There might also be people in the community who would contribute to the program. When there is a problem with a student and there is no place in school for them to go, they have to find someone outside of school to help them. If they do not have the resources to find someone, they do not get the help they need. A family therapy program would accomplish two things in this situation The first thing it would do is help them have a therapist they already know. During the school day, a family therapist could get to know students and begin to understand their problems. The second thing that this would accomplish is that it would give parents a person who already knew their child from school. Bothe the parents and the child would have a therapist they were already comfortable seeing. Some parents might be afraid to go to family counseling because they would feel they would not want to have the school know their family business. However, if their child was having problems in school, they should be supportd to help their child in any situation. Some parents might feel that going to a therapist means they are mentally ill or that people would think they were crazy. A family therapy program could encourage parents to come in for events that were geared just for them. As an example, a tea or a luncheon to tell parents about the program would be an ideal way for them to get to know more about the family therapy program. The therapist and the principal could make sure that all students take home information about the counseling program that would encourage parents to come to these events or stop in if they needed to talk to someone. Many schools have school psychologists but they are not the same as a therapist. The school psychologists usually do a lot of testing and they do not really do counseling. The therapist would be able to be the one to do the counseling an d they may also get some ideas from the psychologist about what issues students need to address in their studies. Some of the issues that a counselor could help students with would accommodate adjustment to school, adjustment to divorce, any abuse issues that might happen at home, alcohol or drug abuse, and peer pressure. These are just some of the issues a skilled counselor could help with and by talking about these issues students may be able to do better in school. Counselors could also do group counseling. There would be students who have the same issues and they could come together as a group and talk about their problems. Maybe

The Condition of Twenty-First Century Societies Essay - 3

The Condition of Twenty-First Century Societies - Essay ExampleThere is a certain kind of instability that law would display as a social institution in the twenty-first century. Apart from this, there would also be a certain privileging of diplomatic ties between nations. This would lead to a situation of anarchy within the society that one is a part of.Many suck argued that law is not a viable mode of controlling society in the event of societies being controlled by pragmatic forces rather than the law. Diplomatic ties and the guardianship of economic structures can then be looked upon as the reasons as to why the law is adhered to in the society of the twenty-first century. In cases where the law does not help oneself this, it may be flouted with the consent of the very people and institutions which had created them. This flexibility in the operation of the law is a phenomenon that is expected to continue in the twenty-first century. The possibilities of topsy-turvydom thus rem ain even in the twenty-first century that shows no signs of effecting a change in this regard. This has implications for the way one views social institutions and their methods of functioning. This also implies a change in the conventional notions of what constitutes a civilization and civilizational ethos. By the time of the end of the cold war itself, it was clear that law could not constrain the orthogonal behavior of nations in any serious way only the use of force was respected. If realists were correct that states were rational, unitary actors concerned with their own survival, then they would be indisposed(p) to enter into agreements that in any way constrained their ability to act. (Raffo et al. 2007, 5). Here, what is important is the primacy of politics in shaping the way the world is.

ABC Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ABC Company - Research Paper ExampleEnding Income tax payable (10,000) (30,000) Net money diminish from operating activities (164,000) Analysis of ABC Co.s Cash Flow A companys operating cash run for indicates the revenue generated from doing business over a specified period less the operating expenses (Howell & Bain, 2008). This is an important process since it helps a company determine whether the business has a healthy financial beat between the one given on paper and the one that is applicable in practice. From the results of ABCs operating cash flow, the company is experiencing a cast out cash flow. Although this is normal sometimes, it is still a cause for alarm to the company management. The situation indicates that the company is spending more money than it is receiving. This is a common phenomenon with newly companies, however, the situation is dangerous if persistent over the long run (Lerner, 1995). There are several reasons for a negative cash flow but the of impo rt causes include poor debt collection, high operating woos, and bad business decisions. In the case of ABC Company, there are three likely reasons for the negative cash flow. These are high costs of goods sold which mostly consists of purchases. The other reason is poor debt collection, the companys accounts statement indicates that the net accounts receivable were still genuinely high with a small margin having been collected compared to the previous periods accounts. The third reason is the nature of the company, with a 25% growth in sales it means the company is a fast growing company, which results into significant increase in the companys working capital. To improve the cash flow situation at ABC, the company needs to reduce its spending and increase its sales (Laughlin, Bebbington, & Gray, 2001)However, the best option in... ABC CompanyBesides facing contestation from other companies that deal with cedar in making roofing and siding shingles, ABC also faces competition fro m products made of iron and clay, which are operating in the same market. However, cedar products have a higher competitive advantage over similar products in the market made of iron or clay. The chief(prenominal) disadvantage of cedar roofing and siding products is the attached price, which might lead to potential buyers resolving for cheaper iron products. ABC Company is therefore likely to discover its growth with minimal deviation either downwards or upwards. These deviations may be because of the harsh economic times forcing many homeowners to prefer cheaper iron products or clay products for their roofing and siding. Environmental conservation movements are also affecting the industry negatively (Sparrow Exteriors, 2013). These conservation policies are in turn making the cost of raw materials for cedar roofing tiles to be more expensive. Indulging into a new project such as building the dollhouse could be a viable solution for the company to meet its target goal of $3 milli on in the next three years. Being the companys controller, my objective lens is to create a strict budget and assess all the employees towards the project so that I can ensure everything goes according to the set budget limits. The chief executive officer should undertake the new project. After carefully consideration of its profit margin and the costs involved, the project is likely to help the company meet its target.

Journal M5-M6 for art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Journal M5-M6 for stratagem - Essay ExampleThis method is familiar to use from childhood (Getlein, 268). When modeling, the sculptor begins with a simple cloth and adds material until the sculpture is finished. Carving basically, is a subtractive process whereby the sculpture starts with a mass of material larger than the planned sculpture and takes await the limited materials until the desired sculpture is attained. On the other hand, the rootage describes casting as a process of molding of some kind, whereby liquid or semiliquid material is poured and allowed to harden. Basically, this chapter describes each of these methods into detail and look at some of the materials they are employ with (Getlein, 269). This chapter is very interesting and it brings out the theme of methods of sculpture. The chapter describes various methods of sculpture and their importance. The way the author describes the various methods is just splendid. He not only describes the methods but he accompa nies every method with an example. This makes the chapter easier to understand and comprehend hence appreciating the work of art to great lengths. Chapter 12 This chapter focuses on Arts of Ritual and Daily Life. In this chapter, the book describe the content that art was derived from, objects made with great skill and inventiveness, rewards for contemplate and the ultimate meaning. The author argues that art was made to handled, touched, to be used in daily life or in ritual settings such as religious occasions. For these reasons, art possess a special human intimacy. Whenever we see art in the museum, it is good to recognize that they were once used by their owners who took them into their lives. The chapter starts by introducing various used media such as glass, wood, fiber, clay, ivory, lacquer and jade as described by the Hesperian objects fashioned before the arise of the fine art. The chapter then discusses on how Western thinking more or less these arts has changed and be en challenged in the 21st century since fine art was born. Various cultures are also revealed through art and the author explains this design by the revealing the elements of exporting art through various cultures (Getlein, 271). The main theme of the chapter is the origin of fine art and the influence of Western culture to the development of fine art. According to the chapter, the modern concept of art took place during the 18th Century. During this period, the European philosophers separated paintings, architecture and sculpture from other kinds of skilled making and lay them in a new category called fine. My personal assessment after reading the chapter is that Western culture greatly was very vital and still authoritative in the development of current art. Chapter 13 terribleitecture is a very important aspect of art. More than any other arts, architectural arts demands morphological stability. Every individual, there is a daily movement in and out of edifices, and some m ay take that for granted (Getlein, 280). Have you ever thought about it? That maybe they might collapse on you? Well, all credit goes to architecture. This chapter focuses on structural systems in architecture in which a stable of a building is based. The chapter also describes various structural systems which are introduced in roughly chronological order in which they were developed. These structural systems include load-bearing construction, Post-and-Lintel, Round Arch and Vault, Pointed Arch and Vault,

Shadowing experience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shadowing experience - Assignment ExampleDevelopmental aspect includes the school curriculum, individual students and the society development. In most cases, they execution as change agents in the schools. They provide feedback to the students on the progress of their children. Also, she acts as the consultation head by working with the teachers and the administrators to meet the students needs at on the whole levels of education (Wicks 56).They help students in different areas including ensuring that the students are more productive adults of tomorrow. They help students to achieve their academic goals and also their career and social development. They enhance the students development processes in academic, personal and social development. Students get desired competencies that provide all students with the skills, right attitudes and knowledge appropriate for the students development. Most of the developmental needs are develop alongside the school programs (Patterson 88).The c ounselor was able to handle people from different societies and background. The most interesting thing is that she was able to advise a student who was give with HIV/ back up. He was able to train and bring back the student to the right attitude. The students were positive about life. It was my first time to get an HIV/AIDS individual being able to appreciate their status.One of the impressive things is that the counselor was able to impact the students with the right attitude. All the students had a positive attitude towards maths and science subject unlike other schools in the same locality. Also, she spent most of her time with the students to impact them with the right morals. There was an interactive forum that ensured students windy out their issues. This acted as a basis of identifying the students challenges in school. The challenges identified enabled the parents and teachers to manage the school (Patterson 88).Most of the issues that I need to learn about includes diffe rent slipway and techniques of changing the

Chinese popular culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Chinese popular culture - Essay ExampleEspecially in immensely growing economies like China or India, college graduates be of pivotal importance. This is because college graduates are the inauguration of talent for the countries. Due to unemployment for many reasons, the mob of talent at the college aim is lost and their talents to ensure sustainable harvest-festival over the period of clock go into the drain. In China, it is estimated that this year around 7 million students will pass out from colleges and universities. These numbers are the biggest since 2012, when 6.8 million students passed higher college or universities. Keeping this in view, unemployment rate in China will go above the current rate, i.e. 20%, as around 54% out of 7 million students would find it difficult to find a suitable job (Chan, 2010). In this scenario, where college graduates are still unemployed, the Chinese government has to criterion in and facilitate those students. Biggest advantage of unem ployment that Chinese college graduates can receive is that, they are provided with funds by the government in order to empower them to start earning. yet on the other hand, majority of the Chinese corporations and businesses are more leaning towards foreign talent than to trust their own pool of talent. As a result, this pool of talent is becoming a waste and the college graduates lifestyle has also gone below par. The perfect example of projecting this misery is that, Chinese unemployed graduates are forced to live in small colonies, where each apartment is filled with 8 to 9 college graduates. Despite of living difficulties these college graduates are facing, another dilemma they are indulging into is criminal activities. By adopting a wrongful path, these college graduates aim to make more money in a relatively less amount of time (Solinger, 1999). To meet their expenditures, these unemployed college graduates majorly depend upon the aid they receive from the government. This a id enables unemployed college graduates to fulfill their expenditures for housing, education, food and travelling. But, due to increasing unemployment, the aid provided to the students is becoming a gist on national reserves. Chinese government reports millions of Yuan that are spent on the social security of these unemployed college graduates. On the other hand, other source of income for these unemployed college graduate is through criminal activities, purchase and sell of drugs, engaging into trash jobs which prevents the talent to reach at the top notch corporate level where the can prove to be more beneficial. Even if they find a job, it power be in the field for which they are not qualified or they do not have ambitions for. In this scenario, they fall victim to boredom at job place and their performance levels are decreased. Moreover, it causes severe depression and sieve due to dissatisfaction form the job. Unemployed Peasant Laborers Peasant laborers are those laborers wh o work at a very introductory level of countrys economy. These might include farmers and other self-employed basic level workers. These workers are considered as being the biggest victim of unemployment. This is because, these are the one who produce items of basic necessities and perform basic jobs that are pivotal for the growth of

Harrison Bergeron Essay Example for Free

Harrison Bergeron EssayKurt Vonneguts fictional confederation adopted the theories of Social geld and Social Justice to establish a new social and legal order. The people amended the constitution to attain equality for all. With the amendments, they created laws to make a similar citizenry out of their people and in the process stripped them of their individuality. These laws were also intended to make them think and act alike which was their idea of equality. As to who is benefited from such extreme version of social control depends on whose viewpoint it was coming from. Despite their unrestricted freedoms no one was ultimately benefited in this kind of system.It was no guarantee of peace and absolute control, as in the case of Harrison. His physical and mental states were no match for the handicaps. Once both powers were unleashed and unrestrained what resulted was a immingle and coordination that produced a beautiful symphony of dance and music. It was symbolical of the good things that can happen or that can be achieved if we let our natural gifts, talents and skills work for the gross good. There can be unity in change and peaceful co-existence may be possible. In a controlled society as this fictional one, there were no norms, values, and culture that may identify them.For norms, values and culture were what will set them apart. This was a robotic society where the norms were that which are forced upon them because of the handicaps some were made to wear. grateful norms were absent because the standard (equality) was built into the system. In effect one had a common standard to follow in which to comport oneself, no less and no better that the others. There was only one value that stood, no one was above the other in appearance and in the treatment he gave and he got. Culture should define who and what this society was, simply what would make it truly unique?There was nothing neither appealing nor interesting in it because everything went a gainst the natural ship canal of man. People followed rules not out of their volition. How were they to know the good was turning bad, and worse was turning worst, if something in their brains signaled a censure. This restraint was basically against their good and benefit, but they had no choice but to obey what was programmed in their system. Once, this was a society that had reached the extreme end of the balance with their all-out freedoms and unchecked rights of individuals.The situation had reached unmanageable proportion that they had to fixture to dramatic crisis control which brought them to the other extreme end by way of the encroachment on their rights and freedoms. This society took not only the peoples freedoms but their right senses as well. In what they figure to be the correct moves to effect change, their agitation towards a freak of nature was alarming, like when some things about donjon werent quite right April not being Springtime (Vonnegut, 1961). Law and soc iety yield interchangeable attributes.Law may change a society and society may change the law. In the case of Harrison Bergeron, society had made 3 amendments to their constitution out of desire for and necessity to change. They wanted to regulate and trim back freedoms to a comfortable magnitude. The change in the law made this society a strictly tempered one. Lawyers and the legal system do not have a place in this society anymore. The Handicapper General proceeded to punish without trial law breakers. The only crime that can be committed was pickings ones handicaps off and that did not need investigation and defense.The crime and the criminal are self-evident. The fictional society does not have any aspire similarities in todays time. However, the inference to the curtailment of freedoms is plenty. When a society does not allow an artist to express his heart in his art, the Harrison Bergerons to criticize the governance which should be for, by and of the people, and ease the fear of ordinary citizens, they are the translations of Vonneguts transgressions of freedoms in his fictional society. Instead of seeking for equality in the extreme, working with diversity might be the better option.

Cross Media Assignment Essay Example for Free

Cross Media Assignment EssayIn the first part of My Cross Media Assignment, I analysed, LO truly mold Crme Gloss. This advert cast Cheryl Cole, the nations sweetheart, in an advertisement for hair dye.This advert inspired me, to develop a beauty product, beca rehearse it is such a big market here in the U.K. I took a close look at what Cheryls make-up was, and it was neutral and fresh, this was, apart from her eye shadow. As a result of this, I decided to design an eye shadow. I conducted research into Barry Ms Dazzle Dust, beca engagement their print ads argon always flamboyant, and are interesting to look at. They use bright eye shadow, and usually darker coloured backgrounds to make the image pop, and stand out to the audience. The uncomparable selling point of Dazzle Dust, is all the colours that it comes in, this makes the product unique.I decided to take a different route, and develop a product that women bathroom use for the daylight and then for the night. I matched my product, Day n Night, to my target audience, because I think that women would want to own a product that they can use in the morning, when they go to work, and then they can use it straight after work, as a top up, using different colours, to go out for a drink with her friends. I think that my product appeals to women, because it is compact, useful, and there is a gap in the market for a product like mine.I planned my advert, by going to high street make-up retailer, House of Frasier, and I researched the eye shadow industry, and found that the adverts for the Day are very different from the ones that show a night look. The Daytime look for most eye shadows is, a corporate woman looking clean. She normally has a very light Smokey eye, with a pink tint to blend. Whereas in the night look the woman has darker eyes, with black as a liner, and dark greys to blend.I decided for my advert that I would use the same woman, in two different situations, wearing two different styles of eye s hadow, so that you can see a visible difference.I constructed my pit identity by using two colours, purple and lilac, the purple represents the night look, whereas the lilac shows the day look.I decided not to give my product a slogan, because I realised that womens make up doesnt generally have slogans, because if a woman sees a good advert, she willing buy the product, and if she likes it, she will buy it again.I made the product represent all women, because in the U.K it is a frequently occurring thing, to see women go out with their friends after a day at work. I did not use a model for my print advert because I wanted my advert to be relatable to women, and give them a real product, rather than some product the celebrity endorsing it doesnt use. The workplace I decided to use was a secretarys desk, trying to show that you do not need to hold down a high paying job, to be able to buy the product.The only regulations that I might possibly heart in my advert, is when the women goes out for a drink with her friends. There are restrictions in using alcohol in television or in print adverts, because inebriant advertisements often portray alcohol as enhancing economic success, fun, attractiveness to the opposite sex, athletic skill, and social popularity, and this is the wrong message to send and is therefore not allowed. To anticipate my advertisement to be subject to this, I have made sure that the alcohol is never directly seen, it is always mixed in a scrap with something else, and the women are not sexualised, in anyway, and when you see men, looking at the woman with the eye shadow on, it is clear to the audience that they are not drunk, and that they havent been drinking.Looking back at my advert, I think that I could improve my television advert, because I do not think that in my storyboard, I showed discharge the product enough, and it was a little vague. Although I think I did meet the audiences needs, and I did produce a product that I am pleas ed with, and I thought, there was a gap in the market for.I think on reflection, that my eye shadow box, was the best thing that I did concerning my whole assignment, and I am entirely pleased with my body of work, although there could have been some improvements made.

Historical Background Of Foster Care In Ireland Social Work Essay

Historical Background Of entertain plow In Ireland Social Work EssayIn order to amply appreciate the present situation of nourish tutorship in Ireland, an insight into the bygone history of raise similar lead be told. There has been a long tradition of fostering in Ireland. Foster c ar was present in the past, it was make outn as fosterage. It potty be seen during the Brehon laws. pip-squeakren from families of all classes were put into condole with of another(prenominal)wise families. This influence of economic aid was to lighten somewhat of the pressure for space in the home. This whitethorn swallow been as families were quiet large in the past and in addition financial difficulties. It also included peasantren who were abandoned and leaseed the encourage and protection (Robins).The Brehon laws acted as the legal laws in Ireland and created cardinal types of fosterage on where no remuneration was given and the other where a few is given (Shannon, 2005). Fost er parents in both lessons were to maintain their foster boor to there rank. It was under a legal contract to keep and for the peasant until the period of was fosterage was not being cared for sufficiently, the chid was to be returned to there family home (O Higgins, 1996).Foundations of the present law around foster care were developed with the introduction of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1862. This provided sisterren being billing out to families who were not in rub down houses (O Higgins, 1996).The Infant Life security measures Act of 1897 presents where our upstart system has originated from. This complicated the appointment of females to inspect the conditions in which the children lived in, it also gave power that if not up to standards the child could be removed and fixed in with families.Under the Health Act of 1953, health boards were empowered which provided for a major shift towards foster care. The arrangements that were introduced in boarding of childrens regula tions in 1954, included victual around the issue of being boarded out, organisation in an approved school or if over 14 place in employment (Task Force, 1980).Providing to be an outstanding piece of legislation was the childrens act of 1908. It stated that a child who was neglected or abuse could be placed in the care of a work someone (O Higgins, 1996)Foster CareFoster care as previously discussed was a main expression towards the need for recognition of the rights of the child. Development in this theatre of operations for acceptance that the child has needs of their own has led to the system of foster care that provides personalised family care that the workhouses and institutions could not provide. (Kelly and Gilligan, 2000, pg 7-8)Offers care in family settingOffers care in communicationOffers opportunity to make attachment relationship to committed foster parentsIt support permit children to be attached and identify with family of originIt potentiometer include the chi lds family in care of childIt rouse provide care and support into adulthoodIt can channel extra support from the agency for the child and carers(Kelly and Gilligan, 2000, pg 8)Modern child protection procedures are not sufficient as to make up a childs placement plan alone. It is more complex, as child care professionals now see the importance of individualisation and providing not only the physical care but the attachment and emotional needs ought to be provided for also (Kelly Gilligan, 2000). Children need to be placed in an environment where there needs are met, wishes can be supported and they can make individual choices for the incoming (Coakley, Cuddleback, Cox, 2007)Foster care is not a simple method of caring for a child most children have stimulated some form of trauma, whitethorn have been hurt or may have health or behaviour problems (Task Force, 1980). This calls for foster carers to be understanding and accept their emotions through being beautiful and caring. Th is can be a basis for the start of developing a relationship with the child (Fahlberg, 2004).The emergence of congress care in Ireland has proved dear to families. Keeping in with familys tradition and connection helps the development of childs identity, the surfacing of partnership as a key principle in child care (Broad, 2001). edict in Foster CareFirstly the researcher leave behind examine the legislation in relation to comparative foster care in Ireland.Child Care A ct 1991There is a clear promotion for the welfare of children in the Child Care Act 1991. The health board has a statutory duty to identify children who are not receiving adequate care and protection (RWGFC). The welfare of the child is paramount and where steal the board is to give attachment to the wishes of the child based on their age and maturity (RWGFC).If complaisant operate are to meet the needs of children going into foster care then they must, among other things, listen to the child and include the children where possible in the decision making handle (Kelly Gilligan, 2000). A plan is made which outlines aims and objectives for the placement and detailed guidelines for support to be given to the child, foster parents and natural parents (Shannon, 2005).UN Convention on the Rights of the ChildThe UN Convention was ratified in Ireland in 1992. It includes articles providing rights that relate to the childs life. It involves protection of the child from any form of discrimination and states the best interest of the child shall be held where possible when action is being considered which involves the child. It recognises the childs right to be protected and provided for. Foster care is mentioned in clause 20, stating that it is a substitute care provider when the parent or guardian fails to do so. This shows that foster care is a recognised as a satisfactory and appropriate form of care.Children Act 2001The health board as stated in Section 23P requires at least 30 days notice for a snobby foster care placement to be arranged ad for an emergency foster care arrangement the health board requires notice at heart 14 days agree to Section 23P2 (Shannon, 2005). At the time of notification, the health board has to be provided with the sufficient information around the foster placement (Shannon, 2005).It is say that the welfare of the child should be a primary concern to the foster parent. Section 23U allows for three interventions which the health board are obliged to use if the avocation occur. If it comes to the health boards attention that a private foster care arrangement has been arranged without notification to them or that the carers are not providing for the safety and welfare of the child then the interventions which can be implemented include a supervision order, an order to recede the child and put into care or an instruction to block the order (Shannon, 2005).National Standards of Foster CareThe national standards for foster care were devised following concerns around the quality of foster care services. These concerns were highlighted by the Report of the working(a) Group on Foster care, Foster Care A child Centred Partnership (NSFC).The standards were developed by a committee who gathered information from experiences from individuals and organisations who work in the area of foster care and from a representative group of young people currently in foster care (NSFC).The National Standards for Foster Care 2003 provide guidelines on the provisions of quality foster care within the existing legislative framework (Shannon, 2005)There are 25 standards in all the first 13 standards take into consideration the standard of care of the child including quality of response to factors around the childs needs and services required, whilst sticking to the germane(predicate) legislation (NSFC).The 2nd section involving the standards 14 to 17 are in relation to the judgment operation of possible suitable foster carers and the trai ning and support they require to provide for successful foster placements (NSFC).The final 8 standards are aimed at the duties and responsibilities of the health board. These standards provide guidelines which aim to promote the quality of services provided by the foster care professionals and Health Board (NSFC).The Child Care (Placement of Children with Relatives) RegulationsThe Regulations where put in place in 1995 as section 39 of the Child Care Act 1991 requiring the Minister for Health and Children to make regulations in relation to foster care. These regulations are directed at children who have been placed with a relative.The health board must pay attention to the rights and duties of the parents but the board must consider and consult with the child on his or her preferences (Shannon, 2005). Certain procedures must be implemented and fulfilled prior to the placement of a child in a foster care setting (Shannon, 2005). In relation to the welfare of the child needing to be c onsidered, being placed in a family members home can bring conflict between relative carers and the brook family, so if this conflict cannot be colonised then other placement should be considered (Shannon, 2005).Once the relative carers have lawful custody of the child, member 16 of the regulations directs that the relatives take all reasonable stairs to ensure the promotion of the childs health, development and welfare. In addition to the above many other factors contribute to the regulations. A relative intending to care for the child, must in according to Article 5 give in certain information regarding their health, two referees, examine into the relatives background such as criminal charges and any other relative information to the Health Board (Shannon, 2005).According to Article 12, the Health Board has to keep records of the children in foster care, including personal details of the child, an up to date case record containing certain documents (Shannon, 2005). In additio n to this, the health board may visit the child as stated in the care plan. Whatever the arrangements made, Article 17 calls that the foster placement has visitation from an authorised member of the health board at least once every three months for the first two years (Shannon, 2005).To ensure the above aims of the childs placement, it is recommended that the case should be reviewed in terms of the successive of the placement and the possibility of the childs return to their natural familys home (Shannon, 2005).A foster care arrangement will end when the child reaches 18 years. Other possible reasons are that the child returns to their family home or at the request of the relative carers (Shannon, 2005).Assessment Process in Relation toRelative Foster CarersThere are certain issues around the appraisal process that are a endeavour for concern. Certain developments and amendments need to be applied to provide the best opportunity for foster care placements to be successful.In trala titious foster care the assessment process lasts for a length of nine months commonly, this process has to occur before the child is placed in the foster home. In comparison relative care, this process of assessment usually occurs after the child is placed with relatives due to the rapid movement of the child (Kelly Gilligan, 2000). A decision for the child to be placed with relatives is usually in the midst of a crisis. The family can be approached by the agency or the family themselves may contact the agency. As there are different regulations for traditional foster care and relative foster care, and the placement of the children occurs at different times, then it is questionable that there should be different assessment criteria (Kelly Gilligan, 2000).In recent studies, it shows that suffer families themselves had preference to relatives caring for their children rather than with a home outside the family. Depending on the route to which the child entered relative care, eithe r by agency glide path the relatives or the relatives approaching the agency, this can cause conflicting tensions between families (OBrien in Broad, 2001). The decision to take on the care of a grandchild is not an easy one. If the carry parents are not happy with the Health Service Executives decision to place their child in care, it can become a dilemma (Climo et al, 2002).The model of assessment of relative care is the same used for traditional foster parents. This is not right for relative carers as they have a connection with the child and family, the process is different to which they become known to the agency and the fact the placement is already made (OBrien in Broad, 2001). The assessment process of placement of a child with a relative usually occurs in two stages. The first is a preliminary assessment of the relatives if the agency is content with the outcome then they proceed with the placement of the child. When the child is residing in the relatives family home the f ormal assessment process occurs (Kelly Gilligan, 2000).The following issues were found in a study done by David Pitcher assessing grandparents. The grandparents felt up addled when being assessed and feared giving sensible giving certain answers would result in their grandchildren not being placed with them. The process needs to be explained and the grandparents informed on the reason behind it to allow the process to be carried out in an honest manner (Pitcher in Broad, 2001). As grandparents have not planned to take on the full time care of a child, the can see un civilized. Placement of the child usually occur mid crisis so it can cause the grandparents to feel stressed as they face meeting the criteria that is judge of them (Coakley et al, 2007). Social workers need to work with the grandparents in preparing them to cope with the challenges to promote successful placement and to facilitate these pending placements (Coakley et al, 2007).If the process is not explained prop erly this can lead to difficulty between the social worker and the grandparents. The grandparents can feel overwhelmed by the depth their private lives are being looked into. They can find this process minus and very intrusive and also it can be a frightening experience for them (Kelly Gilligan, 2000)As the process begins the grandparent should be given a written copy of the format of the interview. The social worker needs to give an honest explanatory description to the grandparents to prepare them for the process ahead. The aim of the social worker is to get an idea of the carers personality, to look at practical issues i.e. housing schools and to discuss together the perceived length that the placement will be (Broad, 2001)It can be of some reassurance for the birth parents that the child is going to live with people they know and may trust. The child can have different feelings of moving homes as in a study by Terling, 2003 found that trauma can be reduced when the child knows the person that will care for them rather than a stranger. Although the grandparent must ac intimacy that while the child does know the grandparent, it does not reduce all of the stress and trauma that the child may experience when moving into another form of care (Broad, 2001). Also, the relationship between the grandparent and child must be looked at, questions need to be asked by the social workers such as does the grandparent actually like their grandchild and is there a understanding of belonging for the child (Broad, 2001). Training should be specific to the carers needs.Parenting the Family CycleThe individual life vibration takes place within the family life cycle which is the primary context of human development (Carter Goldrick, 1988, pg 4).In early adult hood it can be expected that a couple will become parents of the younger generation, this can be an exciting period in a persons life. This new subprogram that they adopt can involve responsibility in the childs dev elopmental process and having post in acting out parental roles to their children (Carter Goldrick, 1988).Perspectives of the role in later life are viewed as having less responsibilities and more time to reflect and relax. An older person is thought to experience retirement, dependency of others preferably their children or younger relatives, a sense of financial insecurity, possible loss of friends through death and the difficult time when a spouse dies (Carter Goldrick, 1988). Although this is a very much generalised view, these experiences do occur.Grandparenthood can nominate a person a sense of being and bring joy to their life. Becoming a grandparent can create new motivation and add fulfilment to an elderly person life. It creates opportunities for them to experience a new role and to develop a special close relationship (Carter Goldrick, 1988). Grandparents have a good stance in their family network because they are not the parents of the children but they have a cari ng and thoughtful interest in their grandchilds development (Brubaker, 1985, citied in Bernades, 1997). A grandparents role has no clear guidelines, they can adopt rules but in remembering that they do not have the same authority that they had with their own children. Instead, grandparents can crossbreed and indulge in their grandchildren (Bernades, 1997).There are different styles of grand parenting involving different characteristics. The types of relationships they hold with their grandchild can vary from being removed to authoritarian and being involved in their life with assuming responsibility but having love and care (Hammer Turner, 1990). This can have an effect when a grandparent becomes a full time carer for their grandchild. If the grandparent was distant then it can be harder to develop a bond that has been absent. In comparison if a grandparent has been involved and caring, then to gain authority and create rules it can take some time and adjustments (Hammer Turner , 1990). It involves a lot more responsibilities than previously needed. They will have to set mappings, assume responsibility in daily tasks and groom the child with essential skills and attend to the needs of the child (Hammer Turner, 1990).Grandparent hood can be seen as a second chance at parenting. This can be seen for grandparents when their own child has failed at their duty of parenting, the grandparent can become the main carer due to the fact that they feel part to blame. They may feel that in helping, they can fix the problem that they may have blame in (Hammer Turner). Another possible reason presented by Climo, 2002, seen that grandparents felt a commitment to the value of family continuity, they concord to take care of the family. Their commitment to both generations their child and grandchild meant they felt it was their responsibility to step in (Climo, 2002). Also grandparents may not want their grandchild to be placed with strangers and fear that they may lose contact with their grandchildren (Climo, 2002).Factors Attributing to Relative CareIt may be hard for the grand parent to deal with conflicting issues between themselves and the birth family so by introducing skills this can assist in managing family dynamics. This can essentially result in ensuring the best outcome for the childs welfare (Coakley et al, 2007). These include boundaries with birth parents, adopting care plan and following guidelines around maintaining a good relationship with the birth family (Coakley et al, 2007). If the grandparents allow continuous contact with the birth family, it can have a negative effect. This can be said when the reason for placement was abuse, if constant communication is occurring then the child may be put in danger. Also, the grandparents will neer be able to gain responsibility, authority or develop a routine if the parents are interfering and not sticking to access plans that have been emaciated up (Terling, 2001).Some argue that rela tive carers are not capable of meeting the childs needs (Sparr, 1993, Dubovitz, 1994 citied in Terling, 2001). There are assumptions that a child experience of parenting from their parents can be transmitted from one generation to another (Pugh De Ath, 1985). The grandparents capability needs to be questioned, looking also at their suitability of caring for their grandchildren, as they are the ones who raised the troubled parent (Gladstone Brown, 2007). Parental failure can be seen as a result of learnt behaviour from previous generations poor parenting (Davidson, 1997, citied in Climo, 2002). As characteristics run through the family, it can prove that the relative carers might have similarities in parenting to that of the birth parents. Especially in this case considering that the grandparents raised the birth parents. It can be said that if the reason for placing the child in care is due to abuse or neglect this can be a agitate and should be considered (Terling, 2001).Implica tions can occur when a grandparent takes their grandchild into care. They can find it hard dealing with the childs emotional, behavioural, physical problems, issues of attachment or loss, perceived agency inadequacy, dealing with authority of the child welfare system and dealing with birth parents (Coakley et al, 2007, pg 93).A custodial role can affect the grandparents health as they need to alter their routine and plans, they can feel physical tired, have less time for themselves and have extra duties to do around the house with the addition of a new person (Gladstone Brown, 2007).As they are then busier, relationships can be affected. They have less time to interact and enjoy doing things with their friends, this can cause them to become socially stranded (Broad, 2001). Other relationships include the grandparents other grandchildren who can become jealous at the thought of their grandparent being closer to one grandchild and providing them with more attention (Jendrick, 1993, c itied in Climo, 2002).Depending on the grandparents employment status, they may have to quit their job as they will be responsible for the child, this can have an affect on their financial income. They will have more to payout as an extra person, with less money to do this with (Gladstone Brown, 2007). It was found that grandparents can become to resent the situation they are in and it showed they felt they were incapable of keeping up with the child (Climo et al, 2002).Role of the Social Care WorkerRelatives who foster care tend not to receive as much support, can ask for less help and it is believed that social workers feel they need less help than traditional foster care workers. The worker and grandparent need to crap up a support plan that will ensure the above do not occur (Broad, 2001). The social worker needs to assess what it was like for the grandparent when they were parenting their own children. They need to reflect on what worked for them when raising their children, try to identify possible mistakes they made and acknowledge how it will be different raising their grandchild (Broad, 2001). They need to understand it may be difficult in altering their role towards their grandchild, possibly identifying their idea of discipline as it may not be appropriate in terms of child welfare, for example corporal punishment was norm years ago but times have now changed. Also as the hope is that the child can one day return to their birth family, the parents own beliefs in raising a child has to be made aware to the grandparent so they do not confuse the child (Broad, 2001).The grandparent may find parenting hard if they have to deal with social services monitoring them. It can be difficult for the grandparents as now there are many factors to be considered which put increases in the demand of them (Pugh De Ath, 1985). In comparison to parenting in the elderly persons time, the knowledge around the needs of the child in terms of physical, intellectual, soci al and emotional development has become more recognised. All of these will be monitored by officials in the case of relative foster care. As before a parent would not receive this type of pressure to ensure that their child is constantly receiving care and having there needs met (Pugh De Ath, 1985). Grandparents can feel inadequate under the high expectations of their role in the childs development. It can be quite a comparison as when the grandmother was parenting there was little demand to satisfy social demands. The importance was to run the household and the saying mother knows best was the parental ethnic (Pugh De Ath, 1985).In comparison to traditional foster care, relative carers are said to not receive as much support as needed. Possible reasons for this are because the social care workers may have the idea that the relatives do not require the same level services (Dubowitz, Feigelman Zuravin, 1993, citied in Mc Coakley, 2007). According Schlonsky Berrick citied in Mc Co akley, social workers may be influenced by the relationship that is already present within the family. As the child is under the care of their family, the social worker may feel it is the families right to raise the child without the intrusion of them (Coakley et al, 2007). Another possibility is that the grandparents themselves either refuse or do not request support from services (Coakley et al, 2007). Grandparents may feel that asking for help or showing a need for help may be perceived as a failing in their ability to cope. In the findings conducted by Mc Coakley 2006, it can be seen that mutual goals should be drawn up in the assessment process so that the best possible care for the child can be achieved. In addition to this, if the agency can show how committed they are in dilute making the families intervention and meeting the needs specific to the child and family then the family may welcome support more openly (Coakley 2007).Gladstone Brown (2007) determine the followin g factors which contributed to a positive relationship between the social worker and grandparent. It was found that firstly if a social worker presented as a friendly, considerate personality and the grandparents felt that they could connect and talk to them then they were more likely to open up to them. Social workers need to show an understanding to the situation, and allow the grandparents to feel appreciated for the contribution they are making (Gladstone Brown, 2007). Grandparents appreciate when a social worker responds to their needs and offers them informative advice and support on child management issues and referrals of other services that could offer support (Gladstone Brown, 2007). For a grandparent being informed can help them with their new role of parenting. As they are monitored and assessed, receiving feedback can allow them to know where they stand and how they can improve and also know what they are doing right. Also as their situation changes they need to know about entitlements that they can receive (Gladstone Brown, 2007).

The Strong Nuclear Force | Essay

The Strong atomic Force EssayYoussef El LaithyOne of the most extraordinary simplifications in physical science is the fact that neverthe slight four distinct wildnesss be responsible for that the known spectacles that go on in the universe. These four basic staff offices are the electromagnetic take up, the gravitative ram, the weak atomic draw out and the squiffy nuclear force. Since the weak and the steadfast force act e re each(prenominal)ywhere an extremely short range, (less than the coat of a heart), we do not experience them directly. Even though we dont directly experience these forces they are vital to our existence. These forces determine whether the nuclei of trusted(prenominal) elements anyow for be abiding or will deterio pass judgment, and they are the basis of the energy release in umteen nuclear receptions. The forces determine not only the st fittedness of the nuclei, but in alike manner the abundance of elements in reputation. The pro perties of the nucleus of an atom are determined by the number of electrons the atom has. The number of electrons in an atom, therefore, determines the chemistry of the atom. The gravitational force is responsible for place together the universe at large, the atmosphere, water, and us humans, to the planet. The electromagnetic force g everyplacens the atomic level phenomena, binding electrons their atoms, and atoms to early(a) atoms in narrate to form molecules and compounds. The weak nuclear force is responsible for certain grammatical cases of nuclear reactions. The fourth and last force, the unbendable nuclear force is responsible for holding the nucleus together.The Strong Force is also peerless of the four thorough forces of nature, experienced by particles called quarks and sub particles made up of quarks. It is theforce that causes the interaction responsible for binding and holding protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus of a given element. The strong fo rce is the strongest of among all the opposite forces forces, being approximately 100 times as strong as the electromagneticforce. It has the extremely short range to which it has an effect. A range of approximately 10-15 m, less than the size of the atomic nucleus. The strong force is carried by particles called gluons that is, when particles interact through with(predicate) the strong force, they do so by exchanging gluons. The protons in a nucleus must experience a repulsive force from the other protons in the nucleus.This is where the strong nuclear force comes into play. The strong nuclear force is created amid the nucleons (protons and neutrons) by the ex alteration of particles called mesons. This exchange can be compared to constantly smash a tennis ball or a football backside and forth between ii people. As long as these particles (mesons) are in motion back and forth, the strong force is able to hold the participating nucleons together. Thenucleons, however mustbe ext remely close to each other in order for this exchange of mesons to occur. The blank space requiredfor the force to take place and have an effectis roughly about the diameter of a proton or a neutron. Thus, if a proton or neutron can get closer than this distance to proton on neutron, the exchange of mesons occurs normally and the force has an effect. However,if they cant get that close, the strong force is too weak to make them bind together and thus the force wont have an effect and the nucleus would rapture.The range of the Strong Force varies from where it takes place. The strong interaction is apparent in two areasOn a large scale (about 1 to 3 femtometers ), it is the force that binds protons and neutrons (nucleons) together to form the nucleus of an atom .On a smaller scale (less than about 0.8 femtometers, the spoke of a nucleon), it is the force (carried by gluons ) that holdsquarkstogether to form protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles.The discovery of the S trong of the nuclear force was a remarkable discovery and cleared up stacks of mysteries that haunted many physicists in this era. The discovery force wasnt all at once meaning that the discovery was based on the work of untold than once scientist and physicist all over the years. The number 1 discovery was by James Chadwick. In 1932, British physicist James discovered that the nucleus of atoms contain neutrons. Soon later on(prenominal) this discovery, the American-Hungarian physicist, Eugene Wigner suggested that the electromagnetic force wasnt the force responsible forholding the nucleus together and he also suggested that there are two antithetical nuclear forces not just one.Later on,In 1935 Japanese Yukawa Hideki reasoned that since the strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force had never been noticedor observed by the bare eye or even by microscopesthey must act over a range smaller than the diameter of the atomic nucleus.Yukawa conditioned the first field theory of the strong force with a new particle he called mesons as the force carryingsimulated particle. From these facts and hypothesizes, Hideki Yukawa concluded that there exists a force that binds nucleons (protons and neutrons) together. He named the force the strong nuclear force because it had to be stronger than the electromagnetic force that would otherwise push the nucleons apart.In day-to-day life and our day to day life, were only certain of two fundamental forces gravity and electromagnetism. Physicists know about two to a greater extent forces, which are carried out wi turn off the atom itself (inside atoms) the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force.Try and imaginetwo protons (positive charge), they are pulled together by the strong nuclear force (as long as they are within range to start with). But the electromagnetic force pushes them away(p) from each other, because they both have the same positive electric charge.When we talk about the uses if the strong nuclear force we cant really trust a direct use in which humans use the force. The only direct use is that the binding energyrelated to the strong nuclear force is apply innuclear personnelandnuclear weapons. The strong nuclear force is crucial to our everyday survival, God created this force exactly to suit our survival. Following this notion two questions are raisedWhat would happen if the strong nuclear force were a bit weaker?If the strong force were even slightly weaker than what it is, it would not be able to hold the atomic nuclei together once morest the repulsive force of the electromagnetic force. According to Barrow and Tipler Ifthe Strong Force was decreased by 50% its normal power thiswould adversely affect the st capability of all the elements meaty to living organisms and biological systems. A bit more of a decrease, and there wouldntbe any stable elements except hydrogen.What would happen if the strong nuclear force were a bit stronger that what it is?According to Bo rrow and TiplerIf the strong nuclear force was just a bit stronger compared to the electromagnetic force, two protons could stick togetherdisregardof their electromagnetic repulsion (forming a diproton).If this happened, all the hydrogen in the universe would have been burned to helium. If there were no Hydrogen in the universethere would be no water, for a start, and there would be no long-lived stars like the sun. (Stars made from helium burn up much more supplely than stars made from hydrogen).In conclusion, The Strong Nuclear force is one of the four fundamental forces found in nature. The strong nuclear force is responsible for holding the neutrons and protons in the atomic nucleus. The interactions are experienced only by particles called quarks and by elementary particles made from quarks (mesons, gluons). The discovery of the strong nuclear force was possible by the collective work of many physicists over many years. The strong force isnt of that much of direct use for huma ns. However, the force is crucial to our everyday life. If the strong nuclear force was slightly even weaker than it is, all the chemical elements acquireed for life would not be stable, and we, humans, would not seize to exist. The strong force isnt of that much of direct use for humans. However, the force is crucial to our everyday life. Ifthe strong nuclear force was weaker than it is, the chemical elements needed for life wouldnt be stable, and we would not be here. On the other hand, if it were even slightly stronger than it is, all the hydrogen in the universe would have been burned in the big bang. As a result, there would be no prolonged stars like the sun, and no molecules like water. There would probably be no complex chemistry in the universe, and we would not seize to exist.CitationsFundamental Forces.Fundamental Forces. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2013. http//hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html .The Nucleus.The Nucleus. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. htt p//www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/physics/nucleus.html .The quartet Fundamental Forces.ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. http//library.thinkquest.org/27930/forces.htm .The Strong Nuclear Force.The Strong Nuclear Force. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. http//aether.lbl.gov/elements/stellar/strong/strong.html .The Strong Nuclear Force.The Star Garden. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. http//www.thestargarden.co.uk/Strong.html .Nuclear Forces.Nuclear Forces. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. http//www.alternativephysics.org/book/NuclearForces.htm . internal superpower Or force machine Power? discipline Power Or soldiers Power?The inter matter system at once is an interplay of field power of different republics. This can be felt in the emerging innovation order. There has been a perceptible change, particularly during the last two decades, in the manner the nation states conduct supra guinea pig relations. Military alliances have given way to multilateral g roupings, understandings and strategic partnerships. Nations are becoming increasingly aware of the power or forge that they wield vis--vis other nations.1They are also looking at the ways and means to use this internal power to guarantee their vital interests. In the later part of last century, theme Power was only considered to be soldiers power as can be silent by the superpower status of Soviet Union. But the disintegration of the Soviet empire and changing face of world relations over out-of-pocket to stinting globalisation changed the world perception and brought the term Comprehensive National Power. This term was more inclusive of the overall state of the affairs of a nation and a banknote of its constituents could indicate the skill and weaknesses.2National Power has discernible and in unmistakable elements. Geography, natural resources, industrial capacity, population, military power form the tangible parts while interior(a) character and morale complete the in tangibles. Indias economy has contributed in the last two decades towards a major share of the National power. In fact, India has even demonstrated certain soft power by cooption and attraction of other nations to achieve slightly of its aims. The primary currencies of soft power are an actors values, culture, policies and institutions. Indias soft power is based on its social and cultural values, the Indian Diaspora abroad and its knowledge base. India is being considered a knowledge superpower and is well placed to leverage its position in international relations. However, the military has also contributed towards the soft power. A well-run military has been a source of attraction, and military-to-military cooperation and training programmes, for example, have open up transnational networks that enhance countrys soft power.METHODOLOGY record of ProblemThe harvest notwithstanding, India cannot afford to be satisfied with its current status. The geopolitical situation in the regi on is unstable. Though Pakistan has less options left by and by it has been open(a) as a hub of terror activities and a haven for wanted terrorists, still if cornered by the world pressure and the internal compulsions it will not think twice in a military option against India to divert the attention and bring in its all weather friend , mainland China, into the picture.India can achieve its national aims only if the internal and external threats to its security is ensured. This situation can be understood with an analogy to game of soccer a team may be having the best of strikers in their forward and midfielder players, who can score goals at will, but their efforts are inconsequential if the goalkeeper is not trained and equipped to save goals from adversary.Thus, in the changing geopolitical situation, it is pertinent to evaluate the share of constituents of National Power to ascertain the future dynamics of a nations aspirations and interests and the regional environment.India has already made nasty progress in various fields to achieve soft power constituent to contribute towards National Power. Indian economy is showing positive growth and attracting strategic partnership with leading economies around the globe.India , now needs to overhaul the military constituent to further pursue its National aim.HypothesisIndia needs to develop a potent Military capability by the year 2025 to be able to assert its National Power in keeping with the stated National objectives.Methods of Data Collection9. The data for this dissertation has been collected from a large number of books, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, internet and research journals that are available in the Defence go Staff College library. The data related to Indian Military Power has been collected from open sources only so as to avoid any classified instruction to be brought out. The Bibliography is attached as Appendix.Organisation of the DissertationApart from a chapter on the introduction and methodology, the dissertation has been organized under the following chapters-CHAPTER 2. CONSTITUENTS OF INDIAN depicted object POWER particle 1. National Power.Section 2. Indias National Power.Section 3. Constituents Of Indian National Power.CHAPTER 3. armed forces POWERSection 1. Elements of Military Power.Section 2. Present declare Of Indian Defence Forces.Section 3. Defence Budget And Modernisation Program.CHAPTER 4. SHORTCOMINGS OF INDIAS MILITARY POWERSection 1. Analysis.Section 2. Intra Organisaton Level.Section 3. Shortcoming As A National Instrument.Section 4. Recommendations .CHAPTER 5. DESIRED NATIONAL POWER BY 2025Section 1. Geopolitical situation and regional environment In 2025.Section 2. Indias Predicted Growth By 2025.Section 3. Desired National Power.Chapter 2- Examining the constituent of Indian National Power. The present Indian standing in the world order is based on the soft power developed and the sparing growth achieved by India. India as rising econom y, offers excellent investment opportunity to the world. The democratic form of governance also projects India as stable and secure investment site in the long run. However we need to examine the constituents and their present share towards National Power.Chapter 3- Military Power. It itself comprises the tangibles and the intangibles. It can be loosely categorized in force capability and force employment. There has been a change in war weight-lifting. The technological advancement ,weapon lethality, destructiveness and precision along with the randomness frontier has increased the cost factor of going to war. Thus there is a need to analyse the military power constituents to understand the importance towards national Power.Chapter 4- Analysis and Short comings of Indian Military Power. To suggest steps towards projecting a stronger military power the present capability needs to be analysed and the flaw to be highlighted.Chapter 5- Desired National Power by 2025. The regional en vironment in the near future inculpates proactive approach by India to project spatiotemporal national power to have secured borders and assured growth to achieve its national aims .CHAPTER 2CONSTITUENTS OF NATIONAL POWERNational Power1. The international system today.is an interplay of national power of different nations. There has been a perceptible change.in the manner the nation states conduct International relations. Military alliances have given way to multilateral groupings, understandings and strategic partnerships. Nations are becoming increasingly.aware of the power or influence that they weild.vis--vis other nations.2. During 1960 and 70s most theorists.doing research on international relations avoided dealing.with phenomenon of power. National power was considered synonymous.with military power. This would rationalize to a great extent the superpower status.of erstwhile Soviet Union and its unexpected disintegration. Since then perception of national power.has undergo ne a change. It is called as comprehensive National power by the theorists which is a more inclusive term comprising all the facets of a nations resources which contribute towards its security.Defining National Power3. National power is the ability of a nation with the use of which.it can get its will obeyed by other nations. It involves the capacity to use force.or threat of use of force over other nations. With the use of national power, a nation is able to control.the behavior of other nations in accordance with its own will. In other words, it denotes the ability of a nation.to come across its national goals. It also tells us how much powerful or weak.a particular nation is in securing its national goals.Basic Elements Of National Power4. The basic elements of national power include diplomacy, economics, instructional, soft power and the age old trustworthy element of military power. It can also be classified as comprising of tangible elements and intangible elements. Geograph y, natural resources, industrial capacities, population, military power form the tangible elements of national power and national character and morale complete the intangibles.Indias National Power5. In international politics, the image of India till recently used to be in terms.of its perennial rivalry with Pakistan and as power confined to South Asia only. However, as result of the remarkable improvement.in Indias national strength over the last decade, consisting of.its hard and soft powers, the world has started rehyphenating India.with a rapidly growing China. The term rising India is a buzzword in the International Relations discourse nowadays. Indias national power has begun to rise steadily.since Pokhran-II. India unleashed a slew of path-breaking initiatives.in quick succession in 1998 (and beyond). It was from this year frontwards that the idea of India being a great power,.first floated by Nehru, started to be reflected in its foreign policy. Admittedly, India shifted its foreign and economic policies.soon after the end of the frigid War in 1991 when it started broadbasing.its diplomacy, initiated economic reforms by dismantling the economic model.based on import substitution, and went for market friendly policies. The economic reforms did give India economic stability.in the sense that India started growing at 6% annually.ever since the economic liberalization of early 1990s, however, political stability remained fragile. The country got much-needed political stability.at the center in March 1998 and a series of radical initiatives in quick succession beginning with the nuclear tests in the Pokhran desert of Rajasthan on May 11th and 13th 1998, was a grand strategic masterstroke by independent India. India initiated Multi-aligned/ neat power diplomacy.for the first time in its independent history when it developed strategic partnerships.with all the great powers simultaneously, especially its relations with the United States and Japan, while retai ning tried ties with Russia. India made institutional arrangements to its national security.when it set up the National Security.Advisory Board, National Security.Council, Nuclear Command Authority, developed a.nuclear doctrine, and so on.6. More importantly, India developed a much needed strategic vision.whereby it redefined its geo-strategic.construct well beyond the mainland of South Asia. The comprehensive geo-strategic.construct included the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, Central Asia and the Asia-Pacific. In fact, the 1998 nuclear tests themselves were indicative of the fact that India had begun to revalue the role of hard power in securing its national interests and also in making her influence heard in international politics.7. The India, that China defeated.in 1962 was guided by a foreign policy canon of non-alignment.vis --vis the superpower enmity, and it remained the cornerstone of Indias international.diplomacy for more than four decades. However, this foreign policy paradigm underwent.a U-turn when it metamorphosed into poly/multi-alignment under the new leadership.in New Delhi in 1998. The new foreign policy outlook.broadly had two components, namely, improving relations with the US and its Look East Policy-II. The turnaround in India-US relations from being estranged democracies during the Cold War to engaged democracies in the 2000s has played a central role in bringing out a shift in Chinas India posture over the last decade. India has been a democracy right since its birth as a modern nation-state in 1947. However, its sluggish economic growth and weak military pen that led to its defeat in 1962 seriously stained this aspect of Indias soft power.8. With the rising India story, its democracy as an important component of its soft power has again come into the global limelight. India has more than 1 billion people. It is linguistically, culturally, racially, and religiously diverse, and it is growing economically at an enviable pace under de mocratic organizational institutions (except for the hand brake period of 1975-77 when civil liberties were undermined). Its culture values peaceful coexistence, nonviolence, and religious tolerance. All of these factors, combined with the largest pool of English speakers outside the US, has increased Indias power of attraction without need for coercion or persuasion, a fact not lost on an envious, hard power-minded China. The country to which India has projected most of its soft power is the US, through the export of highly skilled manpower, consisting mainly of software developers, engineers, and doctors.9. In military terms, post-1998 India has been enjoying strategic capital, in the sense that, unlike the rise of China, Indias military rise is not only not feared but it is felt to be desirable by the countries in the Asia-Pacific like Japan, Australia, South Korea, and ASEAN as a group. Most importantly even the US sees Indias military rise in its own interests.28 Interestin gly, a rising India is making full use of this capital by emerging as a unnerving military power over the last decade, apart from unveiling even more ambitious military plans for the futureCHAPTER 3MILITARY POWERMilitary Power1. Military Power is military dimension of national power. National power embodies soft persuasive or attractive elements as well as its hard or military component. Military power can itself mean different things in different contexts as military forces do different things ranging from argue national territory to invading other states countering terrorists or insurgents, keeping the peace, enforcing economic sanctions, maintain domestic order. Proficiency in one task does not entail proficiency in all as good defenders of national territory can make poor peacekeepers and also may not be able to conquer neighbours.2. Since beginning of civilization, military power has been the primary instruement nation states have used to control and dominate each other. With the growth of engineering science, the destructiveness of military power has reached apocalyptic proportions.3. Throughout history, military power has been paramount and economic power a luxury. This has slowly changed to the point that the two roles have been reversed. Japan, China have relied on economic prosperity to finance formidable military forces. Conversely, erstwhile Soviet Union, Iraq and North Korea have relied on their military to build economic power with little or limited success.4. Military power is the capacity to use force or threat of force to influence other states. Components of military power for a nation include number of military formations, armaments, organization, training, equipment, readiness, deployment and morale.Elements of Military Power5. Elements of military power are worked out on the basis of military capability of nations. It includes numerical preponderance, technology and force employment. . Numerical preponderance has been exemplified in yes teryears Napolean said ,God is on the side of the big battalion6. It is generally believed that states with bigger population, more developed economies, larger military should prevail in battle. This is association of victory with material preponderance and beneath this lies the widespread perception that economic strength is precondition for military strength that economic decline leads to military weakness and that economic policies merit co equal treatment with political and military considerations in national strategy making. Military preparedness requires a military (establishment) capable of supporting the foreign policy of a nation. Contributory factors are technology,leadership, quality and size of the armed forces.(a) Technology. The development and sufferance of firearms, tanks, gunsand aircraft have had a profound effect on the course of battles. To illustrate,if one reads the review of British operations during the initial stages of theSecond World War, which Churchill gave in the secluded session of parliamenton 23 April 1942,one is struck by the fact that all defeats on land, on sea andin air have one common denominator-the disregard of technologicalcapabilities being developed by Germans and the Japanese during the pre-waryears. The U-boats played havoc with the British shipping and adverselyaffected their ability to operate forces from one theatre of war to another, asalso to sustain them. Conversely, the development of radar technology by theBritish during the war years gave them enormous benefit over theirenemies. In the present-day context, capabilities in cyber warfare, spaceassets and smart strike weapons will give a great edge to the powers that areable to develop and operationalise such technologies.(b) Leadership. The quality of military leadership has always exerted adecisive influence upon national power. We have the examples of the militarygenius of Fredrick the Great, Napoleon, the futility of Maginot Line psychologyof the Fren ch General Staff versus the blitzkrieg adopted by the GermanGeneral Staff, and closer home the effect of superior military leadership ledby Field Marshal SHFJ Manekshaw in Indias 1971 War with Pakistan.(c) Quality and Size of the Armed Forces. The importance of this factor isobvious. However, the question that has to be answered by the politicalleadership of the country is, how large a military establishment can a nationafford in view of its resources and commitments or national interests?CHAPTER 4SHORTCOMINGS OF INDIAN MILITARY POWERMuch has been written and said about the potential for Indian military power to play a greater role on the world stage, and perhaps check Chinas expanding capabilities in the future.National Security has attained multi-faceted dimensions with wider challenges in diverse fields.There has been growing understandings of these challenges and consequently measures are being taken to overcome the same. Indias remarkable economic growth and newfound access to arms from abroad have raised the prospect of a major rearmament of the country. But without several policy and organizational changes, Indias efforts to acquire its armed forces will not alter the countrys ability to deal with critical security threats. Indias military modernisation needs a transparent, legitimate and efficient procural process. Further, a chief of self-renunciation staff could reconcile the competing priorities across the three military services. Finally, Indias defense research agencies need to be subjected to greater oversight.Indias rapid economic growth and newfound access to military technology, especially by way of its rapprochement with the United States, have raised hopes of a military revival in the country. Against this optimism about the rise of Indian military power stands the candor that India has not been able to alter its military-strategic position despite being one of the worlds largest importers of advanced stuffy weapons for three decades.Civ il-military relations in India have focused too heavily on one side of the problem how to ensure civilian control over the armed forces, while neglecting the other how to build and field an effective military force. This imbalance in civil-military relations has caused military modernization and reforms to suffer from a omit of political guidance, disunity of purpose and effort and material and intellectual corruption.The Effects of Strategic RestraintSixty years after embarking on a rivalry with Pakistan, India has not been able to alter its strategic relationship with a country less than one-fifth its size. Indias many counterinsurgencies have lasted twenty years on an average, double the oecumenical average. Since the 1998 nuclear tests, compensates of a growing missile gap with Pakistan have called into question the quality of Indias nuclear deterrent. The high point of Indian military history the button of Bangladesh in 1971- therefore, stands in sharp contrast to the pe rsistent inability of the country to raise effective military forces.No factor more accounts for the haphazard nature of Indian military modernization than the lack of political leadership on defense, stemming from the doctrine of strategic parapet. Key political leaders rejected the use of force as an instrument of politics in favor of a policy of strategic ascendance that minimized the importance of the military.The Government of India held to its strong anti-militarism despite the reality of conflict and war that followed independence. Much has been made of the downgrading of the service chiefs in the protocol rank, but of greater consequence was the elevation of military science and research as essential to the long-term defense of India over the armed forces themselves. Nehru invited British physicist P.M.S. Blackett to examine the relationship between science and defense. Blackett came back with a report that called for capping Indian defense spending at 2 percent of GDP and limited military modernization. He also recomm stop state funding and ownership of military research laboratories and established his protg, Daulat Singh Kothari, as the head of the labs.Indian defense spending decreased during the 1950s. Of the three services, the Indian naval forces received greater attention with negotiations for the acquisition of Indias first aircraft carrier. The Indian Air Force acquired World War II surplus Canberra transport. The Indian Army, the biggest service by a wide margin, went to Congo on a UN peacekeeping mission, but was neglected overall. India had its first defense procurement scandal when buying old jeeps and experienced its first civil-military crisis when an army chief threaten to resign protesting political interference in military matters. The decade culminated in the governments forward policy against China, which Nehru foisted on an unprepared army, and led to the war of 1962 with China that ended in a humiliating Indian defeat.The for emost lesson of 1962 was that India could not afford further military retrenchment. The Indian government launched a significant military elaboration program that doubled the size of the army and raised a fighting air force. With the focus shifting North, the Indian Navy received less attention. A less recognized lesson of the war was that political interference in military matters ought to be limited. The military and especially the army asked for and received operational and institutional autonomy, a fact most visible in the wars of 1965 and 1971.The problem, however, was that the political leadership did not suddenly become more comfortable with the military as an institution they remained alert of the possibility of a coup detat and militarism more generally.The Indian civil-military relations landscape has changed marginally since. In the eighties, there was a degree of political-military confluence in the Rajiv Gandhi government Rajiv appointed a military buff, Arun Singh, as the minister of state for defense. At the same time, Krishnaswami Sundarji, an exceptional officer, became the army chief. Together they launched an ambitious program of military modernization in repartee to Pakistani rearmament and nuclearization. Pakistans nuclearization allowed that country to escalate the subconventional conflict in Kashmir while stemming Indian ability to escalate to a general war, where it had superiority. India is yet to fall out from this stability-instability paradox.The puzzle of Brasstacks stands in a line of similar decisions. In 1971, India did not push the advantage of its victory in the eastern theatre to the West. Instead, New Delhi, underuberrealist gear up Minister Indira Gandhi, signed on to an equivocal agreement at Simla that committed both sides to peaceful resolution of future disputes without any enforcement measures. Indias decision to wait 24 years between its first nuclear test in 1974 and the second base set of tests in 1998 is equ ally puzzling. Why did it not follow through after the 1974 test, and why did it test in 1998?Underlying these puzzles is a remarkable preference for strategic restraint. Indian leaders simply have not seen the use of force as a useful instrument of politics. This foundation of ambivalence informs Indian defense policy, and consequently its military modernization and reform efforts.To be sure, military restraint in a region as volatile as South Asia is wise and has helped persuade the great powers to accommodate Indias rise, but it does not help military planning. Together with the separation of the armed forces from the government, divisions among the services and between the services and other related agencies, and the inability of the military to seek formal support for policies it deems important, Indias strategic restraint has served to deny political guidance to the efforts of the armed forces to modernize. As wise as strategic restraint may be, Pakistan, Indias primary rival, hardly believes it to be true. Islamabad prepares as if India were an aggressive power and this has a real impact on Indias security.Domestic And Regional ConstraintsIndia faces several daunting domestic and border challenges within its own propinquity that may prevent it from thinking more globally including the unresolved issue of Kashmir, an increasingly grave Maoist threat, Islamic terrorism from Pakistan, and unresolved border issues with China which broke out in war in 1962. Beijings effort to beef up its presence in South Asia is also seen as challenging Indian dominance there. The Lack of StrategyIndias military modernization carcass, and likely will continue to be, an a-strategic pursuit of new technology with little vision. There is a alone host of problems that the nation faces, includingLittle political guidance from the civilian leadership to the military. This is true even on the general issue of what Indias major goals should be. Even the Indian navy, which is of ten assumed to be the most forward thinking institution within Indias military, does not see itself as more than a naval occlude vis--vis Pakistan.Lack of organizational and institutional reforms. The need to reprioritize resources is never addressed, what is addressed is the procurement of new material, thus making modernization merely an exercise in elongated expansion.No legitimate and transparent procurement system. As a result, purchases are often ridden with scandals, corrupt, delayed and highly politicized. Indias Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) is also a failed organization that is ideologically corrupt, but there has not been an honest attempt to put it under public scrutiny.Imbalance in Civil-Military RelationsWhat suffices for a military modernization plan is a regard list of weapon systems amounting to as much as $100 billion from the three services and remove announcements of coming breakthroughs from the Defense Research and Development Organiz ation (DRDO), the premier agency for military research in India.The process is illustrative. The armed forces propose to acquire certain weapon systems. The political leadership and the civilian bureaucracy, especially the Ministry of Finance, react to these requests, agreeing on some and rejecting others. A number of dys constituents ensue.First, the services see things differently and their plans are essentially uncoordinated. Coming off the experience of the Kargil war and Operation Parakram, the Indian Army seems to have arrived at a Cold Start doctrine, seeking to find some fighting space between subconventional conflict and nuclear exchange in the standoff with Pakistan. The doctrine may not be official policy, but it informs the armys wish list, where attack helicopters, tanks and long-range artillery stand out as marquee items. The Indian Air Force (IAF), meanwhile, is the primary instrument of the countrys nuclear deterrent. The IAFs close second role is air superiority an d air defense. Close air support, to which the IAF has belatedly agreed and which is essential to the armys Cold Start doctrine, is a distant fourth.The Indian Navy wants to secure the countrys sea-lanes of communications, protect its energy supplies and guard its trade routes. It wants further to be the vehicle of Indian naval diplomacy and sees a role in the anti-piracy efforts in the Malacca Straits and the Horn of Africa. What is less clear is how the Indian Navy might contribute in the event of a war with Pakistan. The navy would like simply to brush past the problem of Pakistan and reach for the grander projects. Accordingly, the Indian Navys biggest procurement order is a retrofitted aircraft carrier from Russia.Indias three services have dramatically different views of what their role in Indias security should be, and there is no political effort to ensure this coordination. Cold Start remains an iffy proposition. Indias nuclear deterrent remains tethered to a single deliver y system fighter aircraft. Meanwhile, the Indian Armys energies are dissipated with counterinsurgency duties, which might increase manifold if the army is told to fight the rising leftist insurgency, the Naxalites. And all this at a time when the primary security threat to the country has been terrorism. After the Mumbai attacks, the Indian government and the people of India are said to have resolved to tackle the problem headlong, but today the governments minister in charge of internal security, Palaniappan Chidambaram, is more under siege himself than prehend the hidden enemy.Second, despite repeated calls for and commissions into reforms in the higher defense structure, planning, intelligence, defense production and procurement, the Indian national security establishment remains fragmented and uncoordinated. The government and armed forces have succeeded in reforms primed by addendums to the defense budget but failed to institute reforms that require changes in organization an d priorities.The Kargil Review Committee, and the Group of Ministers report that followed, for example, recommended a slew of reforms. The changes most readily implemented were those that created new commands, agencies and task forces, essentially linear expansion backed by new budgetary allocations. The changes least(prenominal) likely to occur were those required changes in the hierarchy.The most common example of tough reform is the long-standing recommendation for a chief of defense staff. A military chief, as opposed to the service chiefs, could be a solution to the problem that causes the three services not to reconcile their prGas Sensing Properties of Te Thin Films Thickness and UVGas Sensing Properties of Te Thin Films Thickness and UVThickness and UV ir radiation syndrome effects on the plash signal detection properties of Te thin fool awaysAbstractIn this research, tellurium thin pictures were investigated for use as hydrogen sulfide fellate sensors. To this end, a tellurium thin film has been deposited on Al2o3substrates by thermal evaporation, and the influence of oppressiveness on the predisposition of the tellurium thin film for mensuration H2S bluster is study. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, see electron microscope(SEM) and Raman Spectrometer were utilized for characterizing the prepared samples. XRD patterns indicate that as the thickness increases, the crystallization improves. Observing the images obtained by SEM,itisseenthat the texture size increases as the thickness increases, and consequently, fewer defects will be seen in the surface of the film. poring over the effect of thickness on H2S gun for hire measurement, it became obvious that as the thickness increases, the sensitiveness decreases and the response and retrieval time increases. Studying the thermal influence of the thin film while measuring H2S gas,it becomes obviousthat as the detection temperature of the thin film increases, sensitivity and the response an d recovery times reduce. To improve the response and recovery time of the tellurium thin film for measuring H2S gas, the influence of UV radiation while measuring H2S gas was also investigated. The results indicate that the response and recovery times strongly decreaseusing UV radiation.IntroductionTellurium is a P vitrine semiconductor with narrow band gap and a gap energy of 0.35eV which makes it ideal for use in thin film transistors 1, gas sensors 2-4, optical information storage 5 and shields in passive radiative cooling 6. Recently, it has been shown that the tellurium thin film is sensitive to some venomous gases like H2S 7. Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic and corrosive gas which is formed in coal mines, oil and gas industries, chemical products plants, and the sewers. Exposure to small amounts of this gas (less 50 ppm) causes headache, poor memory, loss of appetence and irritability, while motion picture to large amounts (most of 500 ppm) will cause death after 30-60 legal p roceeding 8. So far, various semiconductor metal oxides have beenproducedfor spy H2S gas such as SnO2, WO3, and CeO29-11. The main problem of these sensors is that theyrequire high temperature for measuring H2S gas, and this high temperature will shorten the life of the sensor12. Measuring gas through semiconductor metal oxide depends upon parameters like thickness of the thin film, deposition temperature, and the substratematerial. So far, few reports have been issued about the sensitivity of the tellurium thin film to some reducing and oxidizing gases such as NO2, CO, NH3, and H2S 4,7,13,14. In this research, the influence of the thickness of the tellurium thin film on detecting H2S gas and also the influence of the film temperature and UV radiation while measuring H2S gas have been studied.Experiment detailsTellurium thin films with thicknesses of 100, 200, and 300 nm measured by Quartz digital thickness gauge, were deposited on Al2O3substrate by thermal evaporation of pure tell urium in a tungsten crucible. Substrates were cleaned for 30 minutes by alcohol and acetone in ultrasonic bath. The initial pressure of the vacuum chamber and the temperature of substrate while depositing were respectively 310-5mbar and 373K. The growth rate of the film and the deposition area were respectively 5nm/s and 100mm2. Gold electrodes were deposited on the surface of film through thermal evaporation and copper wires were attached to them by silver paste. The microstructure of the films was characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the films surface was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Sensor response to various concentration of H2S gas was studied in a container made of stainless steel with a volume of 250cm3.The galvanising shield of the sensors was measured by a multimeter as a function of time. Gas limitdetection was performed for the films with different thicknesses and at different environment temperatures. The sensors were al so exposed to UV radiation while detecting H2S gas. The mechanism of gas detection was investigated by Raman spectroscopy technique. The spectra were recorded before and after characterisation to the gas. Raman spectra of the films were recorded in back scattering geometry with a spectral resolution of 3 cm-1. The 785 nm line of Ar+laser was usedfor excitation.Results and DiscussionXRD patterns of tellurium films with different thicknesses are shown in fig. 1. In this figure, the peaksdenotedwith star are related to Al2O3substrate. At 100 nm,Te thickness peak of low intensity is observed at 27.77which is related to Te (101) with hexagonal structure. At 200 nm, in addition to Te (101), another peak comparable to Te (100) appears at 23.15. Finally, besides Te (100) and Te (101), a new peak is observed at 40.78which is related to Te (110) with hexagonal structure. From the XRD results, it can be inferred that, thickness increasestheresults in an increase of film crystallinity due to t he increase of the number of planes that generate diffraction. Fig. 2 shows the SEM images of prepared Te films at differentthicknesses.S1At 100 nm, the grains are separated from each otherby alarge distance, thereby forming discontinuous and rough surface. Increasing film thickness leads to an increase of surface homogeneity and continuity, grain size increaseas well. Fig. 3 depicts the foe variation of the tellurium thin films with different thicknesses at room temperature before exposure to H2S gas. It can be seen that the film electrical opposite decrease with thickness increase due to step-down of irregularity in grain arrangement and inhomogeneity onthefilm surface,which leads to a better charge carrier mobility. The sensitivity of the films to H2S is given byS=Where Raand Rgare the electrical resistance of the film in the air and the H2S respectively. Fig. 4 shows the effect of Te film thickness on sensitivity to 8ppm of H2S at room temperature.Note that the film sensitiv ity decreaseswithan increase inthickness. To explain this behavior, it is worth mentioning that the proposed mechanism for H2S gas measurement is as follows the group O in the air is adsorbed by the film surface, especially in the grain boundaries and film porosities. After adsorption, atomic number 8 reacts with Te film surface and based on the film temperature, it can be ionized into O2, O2-, O(in the temperatures less than 150C the ionization form is O2). These forms of type O ionization increase the film plenty density which meansa reduction of Rain P type semiconductor such as Te. As H2S gas is added, it reacts with ionized oxygenand the result will bethereturn of electrons inside the film and reduction of the hole numbers and increase of Rgresistance. The reactions are shown belowO2(gas) O2(ads)(1)O2(ads)+ e O2(ads)(2)H2S(gas)+O2(ads) H2(gas)+SO2(gas)+ e(3)At 100 nm Te thickness, the presence of a high density of grain boundaries and defects results in a high H2S gas adsorp tion which causes noticeable variations in film electrical resistance,indicating an increase of sensitivity. At higher thickness, where the grain boundary and defects densities decrease,the changes in resistance are intangible involving a decrease in the sensitivity as shown in fig. 4. The other important characteristic of sensor is its selectivity. The sensitivity on exposure to 10 ppm of CO, NH3and NO was found to be 3 %,40 % and -67 % (negative sign indicates reduction in resistance), respectively. Thus we see that the Te films have much larger sensitivity towards H2S gas in comparison to other gases. Fig. 5 shows the response kinetics of Te films at different thickness (100 nm and 200 nm) after exposure to 8ppm H2S. Considering the response and recovery times, the times for reaching 90% of steady-state values of Raand Rgrespectivelycan be defined. It can be clearly seen in fig. 5 that thickness increase leads to an increase of response and recovery times. The former and the latt er are due to high adsorption rate of H2S and O2gases, respectively, at 100 nm by the great numbers of grain boundaries and defects 15. Fig. 6 shows Raman spectra of 100 nm Te sample before and after exposure to 8 ppm H2S gas at room temperature. In both spectra, peaks at 123, 143 and 267 cm-1are related to tellurium. Two other peaksobserved in sample before inducing H2S gasat 680 and 811 cm-1are assigned to TeO216.Notice that the intensity of oxide phase is much less than that of Te phase indicating that a low fraction of Te film is oxidized,whichisdue to Te atoms on the surface 17. After exposure to H2S gas,based onthe proposedreaction mechanismthe TeO2peaks have almost disappeared. In addition, no peak corresponding to H2S or compounds of sulfur or hydrogen is detected in film after exposure to H2S gas. Fig. 7 shows the sensors sensitivity as a function of H2S gas concentration for 100, 200 and 300 nm samples at room temperature. The film to 100 nm Te thickness presents a linear response fromthe8 to 34 ppm range and the film sensitivity seems to saturate at higher concentration. As expected, from fig. 7it can be seenthat the sensitivity decreases as the film thickness is increased. Figure 8 shows the results related to response and recovery time for all sampleswhile being exposed to various concentrationsof H2S gasatroom temperature. Studying the resultsit isclearthat as the H2S gas concentration increases, the response time decreases and the recovery time increases.Thisis because as H2S gas concentration increases, the probability of a reaction between gas and ionized oxygen becomes more probable, and more reactionswill be observedin a shorter time which causes the resistance to change faster and at last reach a constant level. As the concentration goes up, more H2S gas molecules are absorbed and their desorption requires a longer time. The resistance of different samples as a function of detection temperature before exposure to H2S gasis shown in fig. 9. In all thickness, a decrease of resistivity is observed with temperature increase due to electrical properties of semiconductor, as well as increase of oxidation reaction rate. In the caseof300 nm Te films the variation of resistance is insignificant because ofthevery low resistance of this sample. Fig.10 shows the results related to sensitivity as a function of temperature while being exposed to 8ppm of H2S gas. Investigating the results,it is found that temperature rise leads to reductions insensitivity in all samples, because the number of charge carriers in samples increases asthetemperature rises and as a result, when samples are exposed to H2S gas, no tangible resistance change is observed and sensitivity decreases 18. In samples with 300nm thickness and with temperatures above 90Cthere is no sensitivity against H2S gas,since the number of charge carriers is sohighthat their change is never tangible by reaction with H2S gas. Fig. 11 shows the recovery and response times as a function of temperature while being exposedto8 ppm H2S gas. In all samples,as the temperature rises the response and recovery time decreases. Overall, two factors are effective for a reaction first, the molecules which are going to take part in the reaction must have a lot of energy, second, they must collide with one another in an appropriate direction. Temperature rise causes an increase in energy and more effective collisions will take place between reactants, and the response and recovery time decrease. To study the effect of UV irradiation on the sensor properties during the gas detection, samples are simultaneously exposed to 8 ppm H2S gas and UV radiationatroom temperature. Fig. 12 shows a comparison between the sensor sensitivity of the UV exposedand unexposed cases as a function of Te film thickness. It is obvious that application of UV radiation results in a dramatic reduction of sensors sensitivity. As it is well-know, UV radiation creates supplementary charge carriers by an excess of electron-hole pairs formation.Increase of charge carriers numberinvolves a decrease of resistance such that the changes of resistancearenot tangible while reacting with H2S gas. Fig. 13 presents the recovery and response times as a function of H2S gas concentration before and after exposure to UV radiation.It is observedthat the recovery and response times strongly depend on UV radiation. These two parameters decrease with UV radiation due to creation of electron-hole pairs. The created electrons react with adsorbed oxygen, so the number of ionized oxygen reacting with H2S gas increase, which can result in an increase of reaction rate between oxygen and H2S gas. The above explanations can be summarized in the following reactionsO2(gas) O2(ads)(4)O2(ads) + e O2(ads)(5)h e + hO2(ads)+ e 2O(ads)(6)H2S(gas) + O(ads) H2(gas) + SO(gas) +e(7)It is worthnoting that the increase of UV radiation intensity has no effect on sensitivity,response and recovery times of Te sensors. Al so, to evaluate sensor stability, the samples of 100 nm and 200 nm Te filmweresubjected to 8 ppm H2S at room temperaturefor 60 days, thentheir basic resistance and sensitivity were measured as shown in fig. 14. The results indicate that both resistance and sensitivity of sensors remainnearlyconstant, confirming suitability of Te films for use as sensor.ConclusionIn this work, thickness effect of Te films for H2S gas sensing are investigated. A strong dependenceonelectrical resistance and sensitivity to Te film thickness is observed.Thismeans that increasing the thickness leads to a decrease of sensor sensitivity and increase of response and recovery times.Consideringthe sensing mechanism of Te thin films which is based on the interaction of ionized oxygen with H2S gas, the grain boundaries and the surface roughness could be considered as active sites for trapping the gas molecules. Thickness increase leads to a decrease of these active sites. The results show that although the Te se nsor can operate at room temperature, a decrease of response-recovery times can be obtained at higher operating temperatures. Raman spectroscopy shows that adsorbed oxygen on the surface of Te films can be removed after exposure to H2S gas,leading to changes in the film resistance,UV radiation,as well as response-recovery times. The prepared sensors present a stability in sensitivity and resistance for 60 days after exposure to H2S gas which confirmstheir ability tobeusedas H2S gas sensor.