Scholarly Writing Skill Reflection Essay - 652 Words

Scholarly Writing Skill Reflection University of Phoenix SEM/700R Dr. Kimberly Lowrey Scholarly Writing Skill Reflection One of the most important ideas that occurs to me when I consider my ability to be a successful doctoral student relates to my capacity to write compelling papers that are supported by critical thinking skills and credible sources. In order to ensure that I move forward with a building a good foundation, I must identify my strengths and weaknesses, use resources as a means of support and guidance, and incorporate feedback when trying to improve my output. I believe that if I incorporate these ideas into†¦show more content†¦The resources in the â€Å"New Classroom†, specifically in the â€Å"University Library†, will help me format my work properly and find credible resources to support my writings. The user-friendly format of the â€Å"new classroom† lends itself to helping students feel more capable of achieving. Every resource is easy to find, well-formatted, and relevant. Peer and Facilitator Feedback Another source of support for me will be interaction with my classmates in the â€Å"classroom†, who can help me by sharing their feedback and constructive criticism. I believe in peer interaction because we are probably all like-minded in the way that we want to be better students. To that end, helping each other identify opportunities for growth would be very helpful. As facilitators grade my assignments and provide feedback, I will try to refrain from taking it personally. It is easy to get discouraged as students when we do not receive the grades we expect, but it is even harder in the future if we do not use the criticism as motivation. I will take my criticism, whether good or bad, and turn it into an opportunity to do better. Ultimately, I want to feel like I have grown as a professional, a student, a writer, and a leader when I complete my program. I do not want to look back and see how I got in my own way of success. Instead, I want to look back and marvel at how much I grew and be proud. I feelShow MoreRelatedLessons Learned Paper1448 Words   |  6 Pageseye-openers that revealed development and improvement as a doctoral student. In the last five days, various lessons and experiences were taught and learned but the most important lessons for me include the learning team experiences, scholarly writing, and reflection on the lessons learned. Learning Teams During this residency experience, I acquired a lot about learning teams. In my academic and professional experience, I have been a part of numerous teams. I have had some bad encounters withRead MoreThe Importance Of Professional Writing Throughout A Nurse s Career823 Words   |  4 PagesNurses utilize writing every day in clinical practice, making the attainment of professional writing skills an important goal for students. Scholarly writing is form of communication which exchanges health information amongst professionals and consumers. Professional nursing literature is formatted according to the American Psychological Association (APA) formatting standards. Producing well-written nursing documentation or publications helps nurses enhance their professional respectability alongRead MoreReflection On Personal Reflection1307 Words   |  6 PagesPERSONAL REFLECTION 2 PERSONAL NARRATIVE This assignment seems to be the most difficult to write because it will encompass a wealth of information. The most important part of this assignment is the opportunity to reflect on the course assignments and the impact this foundational base will have for future classes. Every event in life has to start somewhere and this start sets the stage forRead MoreReflection Of My English 1102 Course932 Words   |  4 PagesReflection of my English 1102 course throughout the semester I learned many new things from English 1102 class. It was not much fun but I learned some interesting things. For my research, I needed a topic that interests me. I first started to search topics from the chemistry field. I could not find any interesting topics then I came across an article that talks about how robots will take our jobs and every one would be jobless. After reading that article, I was really convinced that robots were badRead MoreSemester Reflection994 Words   |  4 PagesSemester Reflection As the semester started, I had set my mind that I was destined to achieve a lot. During the start of the semester, I had several difficulties writing English assignments especially in terms of grammar. During the first week of the semester, I sat down, organized my thoughts and comprehended that throughout the semester, I had to achieve all that I had planned for. As a student of English, I had planned that throughout the semester, I had to improve my skills as a scholar, writerRead MoreThe Reflective Essay My Writing Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Essay When I was a child, writing was one of my favorite hobbies, so I used to spend many hours to write in my daily journals. However, when I came to America, I felt more difficult to write and express my thoughts in English because I did not know much vocabularies and lacking grammatical knowledge. Then, I decided to go back to school to improve my writing skills because I recognize the significant of writing in my everyday lives. As a college student, my writing are about different types ofRead MoreMy Writing : The Reflective Essay Essay1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reflective Essay Writing has been one of my favorite hobbies since I was in high school, so I used to spend many hours to writing in my daily journals in Vietnamese. However, when I came to America, I felt more difficult to write and express my thoughts in English because I did not know much vocabularies and lacking grammatical knowledge. Then, I decided to go back to school to improve my writing skills because I recognize the significance of writing in my everyday lives. As a college studentRead MoreMy First Day Of Class Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout my academic career I have always struggled with writing whether it is for the English class or any other liberal arts class. In my English classes, I have a tendency to deviate from the given task. This semester I took a FIQWS Composition class which helped me explore the unexplored areas of my academic writing. There were three main essays (literacy narrative, exploratory essay and critical researched analysis) and each improved my writing tremendously. On the first day of class, I was surprisedRead MoreThe Goals That Were Set For English 1020 Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagesconfidently move onto future English courses. Writing my first essay in this course was quite difficult. being the first essay I had to write as a freshman in college, I struggled conforming to the new standards that were being set. However, after writing my second essay, it was clear that I was improving greatly. I stop denying the fact that I could get better, I understood that I wasn’t at my best. I used my mistakes from my pervious essays to guide me when writing. In this reflective essay, I will be explainingRead MorePortfolio Writing Review And Reflection893 Words   |  4 PagesPortfolio Writing Review and Reflection When I started this class, I never thought I was a â€Å"good† writer. Ironically, after this class, I have learned how to be an organized writer and the term â€Å"good† is extremely unclear and subjective. From the short stories and questions to the individual essays, each assignment helped me practice and develop my writing skills. Overall, I think my writing has improved and the process of writing, something I often over looked, has immensely helped my writing. My literacy

Where Have You Gone By Joyce Carol Oates - 993 Words

Joyce Carol Oates â€Å"Where have you gone, Where have you been† demonstrates a dysfunctional relationship amongst a family towards a young lady, Connie, bringing about a dispute as to whether the â€Å"Where have you gone, where have you been?† includes biblical references and irony. Using prior knowledge one may conclude that the short story may sounds as if a person is searching for themselves on a journey unknown to take past experiences and learns to use them as a future reference in where to go next. Oates, known as a feminist who focuses her work on the issues that women deal within her short stories, has produce over thirty short story pieces while also given the award of PEN â€Å"lifetime of literacy award† (â€Å"Joyce Carol Oates Biography†). Although the novels were successful, short stories were the foundation of Oates writing career. â€Å"Where have you gone, where have you been† take an issue such as kidnap and rape and evaluates it A hidden code within each passage, when a man that lust over Connie, Arnold Friend, appears at her house while her family is away. Connie is a young girl that enjoys the company of her friends and is often talk down to by her mother, praising her older sister for acts down around the house and how she conducts herself. It may be concluded that Connie is more please with going out with her friends rather than being compared to her sister, therefore Connie goes out during most of her summer to do just that: â€Å"Connie slit her eyes at him and turned away,Show MoreRelatedThe Journey to Adulthood in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been by Joyce Carol Oates1119 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† Analysis In the American society, when individuals reach adolescence, they begin to search for their identity by exploring their interests and opening their mind to new notions and ideas. This is the psychological and physical human development that ultimately leads them to their adulthood. Joyce Carol Oates short story depicts a fifteen year old girl with typical teenage concerns. She has to face the realization of the meaning of maturity in the AmericanRead MoreGothic1592 Words   |  7 PagesOates short stories usually follow young characters through their struggles in life. There are many family imperfections in Oates stories that mostly tend to have a disturbing image in the readers head. While it seemed that Joyce Carol Oates experienced dark childhood experiences, she seems to explore her thoughts according to similar events that had happened in her life. Written by Joyce Carol Oates, â€Å"Spider Boy† is an example that highly defines gothic horror. Many of her works deal wit h violenceRead MoreEssay on Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been1312 Words   |  6 PagesWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been by Joyce Carol Oates â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been†, is one of the many short stories written by Mrs. Joyce Carol Oates that has become highly recognized. It was inspired by a magazine story about a serial killer. It quickly it became very popular andwas even the basis for the 1985 hit movie, â€Å"SmoothTalk†. Like many other short stories and novels written by Joyce Carol Oates, â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† is a story thatRead MoreSummary Of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?854 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause had Connie and her mother communicated better, Connie, who is still a child, would have be protected from the evil of the world. Barstow also points out that the modern American is unable to distinguish evil from good. Evaluation: This article is useful to me because Barstow effectively shows the theme of loss innocence by using thorough examples to show Connie’s carelessness. Barstow seems to enjoy Oates’ use of childish aspirations, violence, and suspense and relates most of her main pointsRead MoreComparison of Smooth Talk to â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?†1028 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of Smooth Talk to â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† Joyce Carol Oakes’s short story, â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† was written in 1966 and twenty years later was made into a movie entitled Smooth Talk, winner of the 1985 U.S. Film Festival for best dramatic picture. The writing by Oates is loosely based on a true story described as â€Å"the tale of Charles Schmid, a twenty-three-year-old who cruises teenage hangouts, picking up girls for rides in his gold convertible†Read MoreThe Pied Piper of Tucson1489 Words   |  6 Pagesinspired Joyce Carol Oates who often based her stories on news to write a story about the murders. About 20 years later, this short story was brought to the silver screen by Joyce Chopra. Smooth Talk is an adaption of Oates short story, however, more details were added into the movie in order to give the audience a better idea of what the story was about. The descriptions of Charles Schmid and his victims from Don Mosers article influenced Joyce Carol Oates short story. Ho wever, Joyce ChoprasRead MoreThe Devil in Disguise: Comparing and Contrasting the Devil Figure in Where Are You Going; Where Have You Been? The Man in the Black Suit and Young Goodman Brown671 Words   |  3 Pagesof burned matches. The smell of sulfur. The man in the black suit was the Devil.† (King) A common theme among depictions of The Devil is that of unusual physical attributes. The Devil is depicted in three different stories (Joyce Carol Oates’ ‘Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?’, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s ‘Young Goodman Brown’, and Steven King’s ‘The Man In The Black Suit’) in three different ways, yet each description bares remarkable similarities in some aspects to the next. Themes common to theRead MoreCc Between Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? and the Movie Smooth Talk747 Words   |  3 PagesWhere have you Been Smooth Talking? In the short story Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? By Joyce Carol Oates, the lifestyle of protagonist Connie is described. Connie was a typical 15-year-old. She was outgoing, fun, and social. She had the worst relationship with her mother and her relationship with her father was not explained because he was not home much. Connie’s main concern was boys; she would do anything to meet up with them. That is not always a good idea because you never knowRead MoreLiterary Devices In Where Are You Going Where Have You Been1021 Words   |  5 PagesIn the story, â€Å"Where are you Going, Where Have you Been?† the author, Joyce Carol Oates, uses literary devices to convey a message about the loss of innocence. To be more specific, Oates’s characterization of the protagonist, Connie, specifically shows the actions leading to her innocence being taken from her. The literary device of characterization gives a clear picture Oates thoughts at the time she wrote th e story, expressing concern for young girls who are at risk of having their innocence takenRead MoreWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been?1946 Words   |  8 PagesIn the short story, â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† the author, Joyce Carol Oates, creates Connie, an average fifteen year old girl, who rebels against her parents and begins to discover her sexual appeal as she grows up. At times it seems that Connie wants to grow up too fast. All her attention goes to her looks, music, and boys. Connie is a dynamic character who goes through an emotional rollercoaster when she meets the mysterious Arnold Friend. At first he seemed like just another

Realism vs. Liberalism Essay Sample free essay sample

The concern about ownership of arms goes back to the period between the universe wars and has been a uninterrupted concern since the early 1950s. After World War II The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) was negotiated. â€Å"The NPT prohibited extra provinces who did non hold already atomic arms from geting them and required current owners from helping in the in the spread†¦made them promise to cut down and extinguish their ain. † ( Snow. 2008:189 ) Throughout history. some provinces have felt the demand to possess arms for protecting themselves while others seek to demo their power. for illustration the U. S. A and the USSR during the Cold War. For decennaries. power and security have been the major issues. but through clip. the economic system has become progressively of import in the docket of provinces. The purpose of this paper is to explicate two major international dealingss theories. pragmatism and liberalism. and how these theories try to reason for the de mand and ownership of atomic arms in the modern-day epoch. We will write a custom essay sample on Realism vs. Liberalism Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Realists have four chief statements: the chief histrions. in the international system. are autonomous provinces ; the international system is in a province of lawlessness ; provinces must be concerned with their ain security ; and provinces are rational incorporate histrions. ( Viotti. 1999:188 ) Realism based its statements on the Cold War. during this clip. security and power were the most of import concerns for the provinces. chiefly for the United States and the USSR. Due to the history of this theory. it is non a surprise that some realists support the thought of the provinces possessing atomic arms to equilibrate power and protect themselves. in instance they feel threatened. The realist Kenneth Waltz. provinces that â€Å"we should anticipate war to go less likely when armss exist to do conquest more hard. to deter pre-emptive and preventative war. and to do coercive menace less credible†¦nuclear disincentive and atomic defence better the chances for peace† ( Waltz. 2008:260 ) Therefore. from his position. proliferation of atomic arms is a affair of security. On the other manus. there is Kegley’s realist statement saying that â€Å"disarmament and weaponries control have served throughout history as vehicles to keep ( non extinguish ) the balance of power†¦the distribution of military might is critical to the saving of the balance of power†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Kegley Jr. 1995:246 ) For him. weaponries control is path towards balance of power. and hence. peace. These two writers exemplify the chief statement of realists that weaponries. in this instance atomic arms. maintain the balance of power and as a effect peace is achieved. But even when realists province the positive impact of atomic arms. there is still the job of what states are allowed to posses. in other words. exists the job of how to command the proliferation of atomic arms. Due to the importance of commanding atomic arms. state’s governments become autocratic and close. At the same clip. some possible atomic provinces are non strong and stable plenty ; hence. theses states can non be trusted on control of their arms and the determination to utilize them. ( Waltz. 2008:163 ) The fact that some provinces posses atomic arms and are non dependable bends into a failing in the realist theory because so states’ security is threatened by atomic arms. alternatively of being preserved and guaranteed. In contrast there are the progressives. who assume that in the internatio nal system there are different international histrions that pursue different aims. like international establishments. At the same clip. they argue that in an lawless system. like the international. there is no higher authorization that controls other units in the system. hence. units interact as peers. ( Vinci. 2008:41 ) Taking into consideration that the international system is lawless. one could state that the balance of power and the accomplishment of peace depends an all the international histrions. non merely on the sates. Liberals besides believe that international dealingss and particularly international political economic system offer opportunities for everyone to derive at the same clip. ( Viotti. 1999:185 ) From the broad position. the competition among provinces to possess atomic arms reduces the security of single states and international instability. For progressives like Mark Zacher and Richard Matthew â€Å"open trading system act upon the chances for peaceable political relations †¦once the state opens its markets to the universe. democracy follows. † ( Kegley Jr. 1995:24 8 ) Liberals strongly believe that weaponries merely generate war and that the lone manner to avoid it is by international cooperation through an unfastened economic system. Another of import broad statement is about the democratic values ; Michael Doyle has the thought that broad democracies do non contend other broad democracies. ( Nye. 2007:48 ) This happens because in a democratic state people have the pick whether to take or non to take traveling to war. and this public consent legitimizes the conflict. in instance there is one. But the intent of the broad is to avoid war via democracy. because when there is democracy there is opportunity for dialogue. which in the terminal can forestall war without the demand of weaponries. However. this broad statement about broad democracies non traveling to war with other democracies merely applies to those states who have a democratic signifier of authorities and go forth outside those who have other type of governments. which in the in the terminal have the potency to travel to war with other states. Realist and broad theories have contrasting statements ; one is based on province power. while the latter focal points on international economic system. civil society. and democracy. In the instance of the broad theory. it has the advantage that it is newer and is more consistent with today’s universe. where the economic system has become critical for provinces. civil society has influence in international personal businesss. and democracy is strong in states like the US. Realists. like Waltz. believe that the ownership of atomic arms will heighten the state’s security by equilibrating power. while other minds like Kegley argue that the non lone ownership. but control of atomic arms is the way towards universe peace. But what theses writers and some relists do non see is the hazard that the proliferation of atomic arms may do in instance they are used. particularly when possessed by states that are non dependable. On the other side. progressives are cognizant that atomic arms are a menace to the world’s peace ; they believe that cooperation among provinces and international organisations along with thoughts of broad democracy. However. they do non undertake the fact that differences arise between provinces and that the international economic system would non be able to avoid struggle in instance it emerges. During the Cold War epoch. pragmatism had a batch of followings since universe power was split between two strong states. USSR and US. During this clip. the ownership of atomic arms. to some extend. stopped these two states from get downing a Third World War. Nowadays. progressives statement about international cooperation ad democracy is possible because. even when there are stronger states than others. the international histrions like civil society and international organisation have the modules to acquire involved in international personal businesss and act upon the powers determinations. every bit good as the public sentiment has the power to act upon in their authoritiess determinations. Mentions: Cimbala. S. J. ( 2004 ) . Nuclear Proliferation and International Systems. Defense A ; Security Analysis. 20 ( 4 ) . 321-336. Consulted Agust 31st. 2011 on hypertext transfer protocol: //0-web. ebscohost. com. millenium. itesm. mx/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=b80eb504-62d4-4e2b-b115-a1214a4778af % 40sessionmgr112 A ; vid=2 A ; hid=123 Kegley Jr. C ( 1995 ) Controversies in International Relations Theory. Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge. Belmont. United states: Wadsworth Magnarella. P. J. ( 2008 ) . Attempts to Reduce and Eliminate Nuclear Weapons through the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Creation of Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones. Peace A ; Change Consulted Agust 31st. 2011 on hypertext transfer protocol: //0-web. ebscohost. com. millenium. itesm. mx/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=d69fba83-877f-488e-a354-3556cb0fb85a % 40sessionmgr112 A ; vid=2 A ; hid=123 Nye. J. ( 2007 ) Understanding international Conflicts. An International to Theory and History. Sixth Edition. New York. United states: Pearson. Salmon. T. ( 2000 ) Issues in International Relations. New York. United states: Routledge. Snow. D. ( 2008 ) Cases in International Relations. Portrayals of the Future. ( 3rd ) United States: Pearson Sutch. P ; Elias. J. ( 2007 ) International Relations. The Basics. New York. United states: Routledge. Vinci. A. ( 2008 ) Armed Groups and the Balance of Power. The International dealingss of terrorist. warlords and insurrectionists. New York. United states: Routledge. Viotti. P ; Kauppi. M. ( 1999 ) International Relations Theory. Realism. Pluralism. Globalism. and Beyond. ( 3rd ) Needham Heights. United states: Allyn and Bacon. Waltz. Kenneth ( 2008 ) Realism and International Politics. New York. United states: Pearson.

The Potao Famine Gone But Not Forgotten free essay sample

The Potao Famine: Gone But Not Forgotten Essay, Research Paper A hundred and fifty old ages ago in September, 1845, the Dublin local paper # 8220 ; Dublin Evening Post # 8221 ; , reported a # 8220 ; disease in the murphy harvest # 8221 ; . This turned out to be the murphy blight which destroyed 40 % of the harvest that twelvemonth and about 100 % the following twelvemonth. The devatation was known as # 8220 ; The Great Hunger # 8221 ; and resulted in broad spread famishment and mass out-migration to Britain and the Americas. As a consequence, the population declined from @ 8,295,000 to less so 6,000,000 in a few old ages. In 1845 a fungous disease called the late blight, appeared in the Irish murphy harvest with annihilating consequences. The late blight manifests itself in any portion of the works. Discoloration of the foliages accompainied by downy mold is sometimes the first mark. The tubers may besides be infected in the feild or in storage, with stain of the tegument, with a ruddy brown dry putrefaction widening to the tuber. We will write a custom essay sample on The Potao Famine Gone But Not Forgotten or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Later a slimy, disgusting smelling putrefaction may destruct the tuber. It is now known that the blight is caused by the fungus Phytophtora infestans an Oomycete which Bel ; ongs to the household Pythiaceae. This species is characterized by coenocytic mycelium and theproduction of biflagellate, motile zoospores. The fungus is heterothallic and can reproduce sexually in the presence of an opposite coupling type. Sexual reproduction follows fertilisation of an oogonium by an antheridium ensuing in the production of an oospore. Overwintering can be in the signifier of resting mtcelium or oospores. After sprouting both will ensue in the production of spore case which can shoot straight by agencies of a germ tubing or indirectly by agencies of the motile zoospores. Germination is followed by encystment and appresorium formation. Phytohphtora infestans besides affected potato harvests in the nor-east United States and Southern Canada every bit good as much of western Europe iin add-on to Ireland in 1845, but the effects were nowhere nigh every bit devestating as in Ireland because in those topographic points the diet was much more diversified and the people were non so dependent on the murphy. Although it happened 150 old ages ago, the Irish have non forgotten # 8221 ; The Great Hunger # 8221 ; . Because of the influence of conditions on the developement and spread of the late blight, the Irish Meterological Services continues to air warnings of conditions prefering the spread of murphy blight. Furthermore, the Irish people have gained a repute for lending forces and resources in aread of the universe presently confronting dearth, good out of proportion to the size and economic system of their little island.

Acquisition Strategy free essay sample

A number of companies in the technology industry are using acquisitions to expand their operations. This strategy has proved quite successful for the likes of Oracle, Adobe Systems and IBM (Pressman, 2009). After searching through the online Library I have come across two such companies which have significantly strengthened their businesses via acquisitions. These two companies are IBM and Telkonet. IBM used to be a hardware vendor. But now it has used acquisitions to expand itself into software and IT. Recently IBM acquired Cognos (produces performance management software), Rational (solutions for programmers) and SPSS (leading producer of statistical analysis software). IBM paid $1.2 billion dollars for the SPSS deal (Pressman, 2009). In marketing terms, this strategy is known as horizontal integration. The benefits of these acquisitions are evident from the fact that IBM has been able to enter into high growth areas and into businesses that allow for higher profit margins (cited in Pressman, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Acquisition Strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So the core benefit to IBM is that of the breadth of its operations. Firstly it is a good risk management technique to diversify and secondly the newly added companies provide fuel to the company for growth in its core operations as well. Telkonet on the other hand is inclined towards both horizontal and vertical integration. The distinguishing feature of Telkonet as a telecom company is its non-traditional business model. The company is serving a broad customer base through a number of subsidiaries, some of which it acquired recently. To name a few, Telkonet acquired EthoStream (provides internet access to the hospitality industry) and Smart Systems International (provides in-room energy management solutions to the hospitality industry. (Myers, 2007) Telkonet’s acquisition strategy is simple. It is interested in acquiring firms in the related areas. For example if we look at its recent acquisitions, it dawns upon us that Telkonet is strengthening its presence in the hospitality industry. Both EthoStream (ES) and Smart Systems International (SSI) serve the hospitality industry. Furthermore Telkonet has been innovating and developing its technologies. It has the ability to easily integrate its core technologies with that of its subsidiaries. Telkonet iWire system is already helping subsidiaries like ES and SSI achieve greater efficiency in their operations. After analyzing Telkonet’s acquisition strategy, we can easily say that it is a strategy of integration and combining forces with it’s acquired subsidiaries to achieve a situation where the â€Å"whole is greater then the sum of individual components†. Through such acquisitions, it is not only strengthening its presence in its core markets but also increasing the breadth of its operations and the efficiency of its systems. Comparing IBM and Telkonet, we can see that the benefits gained by both of them are almost similar in nature although they both follow different acquisition strategies. Finally, although the companies I chose for my analysis were successful in their acquisition strategies, this is not always the case. Many times companies waste their resources and efforts in acquiring a company which was a past success but might have no scope for future (Pressman, 2009). This is especially the case with firms in the dynamic IT industry where technologies can become obsolete in a very short amount of time, even days perhaps. So we must be cautious in evaluating firm’s acquisitions efforts. The results of a particular acquisition and its overall effect on a business should always be analyzed with a long-term perspective. References Meyers, J. (2007). The Power of Invention. Telephony, 248(9), 38-42. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Pressman, A. (2009). Oracle Has Customers Over a Barrel. BusinessWeek, (4147), 70. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.

The Destruction of China by British Ambition Essays

The Destruction of China by British Ambition Essays The Destruction of China by British Ambition Paper The Destruction of China by British Ambition Paper The Destruction of China by British Ambition The events of the Opium War, which occurred between China and Britain during the late 18th and 19th century, placed China in a position which easily allowed the exploitation of the countrys national finances, resources, and culture. The usage of opium, as well as the ongoing battle which occurred as a direct result of British action, was the cause of death for thousands of Chinese. The many conflicts and extensive exploitation of China by Britain regarding the opium trade was the beginning of a horrific period for China. A period which would come to be know as the Century of Shame. This paper will show how the actions of the British during the years of the Opium War nearly caused the complete destruction of China and its culture through and in depth look at the Chinese economic and political situation, as well as the Treaty of Nanjing. Opium, which was widely in use by the general populace of China and the rest of world at this point i n history, was favoured by physicians as both a painkiller and a relaxant. Doctors of the era preferred the use of opium to that of morphine due to the apparent lack of side effects. Initially, recreational use of opium was relegated to only upper class society. The emperor of China outlawed recreational usage of opium during the 17th Century, however, the British began to import opium to China in the 1770s. The opium, which was imported by Britain from India, supposedly came from the East India tradingCompany, which was actually run by the Brits. In order to smuggle the opium in to China, Britain employed the usage of heavily armed row boats which could be quickly maneuvered by the crew of roughly 60 to 70 men. In response to protest from China regarding the opium smuggling, Britain would simply deny any knowledge of the narcotic. The Canton System ruled the economic trade policies of the time in China. British merchants des

Stepfamilies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Stepfamilies - Essay Example Wilkes and Fromme (2002) investigated the stability over time of themes in the experiences of biological parents, stepparents, and adolescents in stepfamilies. Twelve adolescents, ten stepparents, and nine biological parents from ten stepfamilies that participated, completed follow-up questionnaires that sought to determine if the themes found in the earlier study were still present in their stepfamilies four years later. The results indicated areas that remained stable over time and areas of positive change and adjustment. The results also suggested the need for further research about the specific factors that shape adjustment to stepfamilies. The initial study consisted of 37 participants from 12 families. Of those 37 participants involved in the initial study, 31 completed follow-up questionnaires. Of the 12 families involved in the follow-up study, the adolescents consisted of six females and six males. All of the adolescents were Caucasian. The average age was 16.6 years. All of the children were the biological child of one of the parents living in the home. Four were from stepfather families, two were from stepmother families and six were from blended families. Of the stepparents involved in the present study, there was one Hispanic stepfather and the rest were Caucasian, three of the stepparents had never been married before, and six of the stepparents were male and four were female, with an average age of 41.2 years. Among the biological parents, four were female and five were male. All of the biological parents were Caucasian, with an average age of 43.6 years. Prior to the current marriages, eight of the biological parents had been married in the past. Assessment procedures included three questionnaires: one for the adolescents, one for the stepparents, and one for the biological parents, plus second versions with modifications made to render the wording appropriate for members of the stepfamilies that had been separated. The statements related to the core themes identified in the initial study. The questionnaires in Wilkes and Fromme's (2002) follow-up study asked each participant to rate their level of agreement with 32 to 34 statements on a five-point Likert scale. Based on the ratings participants gave to statements, averages were calculated to determine the level of agreement or disagreement with each statement. One of the major overarching themes found in the initial and follow-up studies was that adolescents were continuing to find ways to cope with the losses in the stepfamily formation process. These losses included undergoing changes in relationships, adapting to different family traditions, experiencing less power in the stepfamily, and having a sense that their family had changed very quickly. 'Therapists' perceptions of bioparent-child relationships in stepfamilies: What hurts What helps'- Cartwright, C. (2003). Stepfamily relationship research has focused on step relationships with particular emphasis on stepparent-stepchild relationships, despite increasing evidence that residential bioparent-child relationships can be negatively impacted through remarriage and stepfamily living. In a project by Cartwright (2003), nine stepfamily therapists were

Pulmonary ventilation, spirometry and pulmonary physiology Lab Report

Pulmonary ventilation, spirometry and pulmonary physiology - Lab Report Example Pulmonary ventilation is the exchange of air in and out of the lungs. The average human breathing rate is 30-60/minute at birth, while in adults it falls to 12-20/minute. Normally the amount of air that flows in and out of the lungs per breathe is 500ml (Tidal Volume air). Hence the minute ventilation or maximum respiratory volume is 6 litres considering breathing rate to be 12/minute. Pulmonary ventilation enables the flow oxygen to the lungs, which further helps in oxidative phosphorylation and at the same time causes removal of carbon dioxide from the lungs, helping to maintain the acid base balance in the body. Mechanism of pulmonary ventilation involves three scenarios: quiet inspiration, quiet expiration and forced inhalation or exhalation. During quiet inhalation the diaphragm contracts, the external intercostals muscles contracts, pulling the ribs outward and upward. This causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to increase with adjacent fall in the intrapulmonary pressure. ( George,2005)(Miller,2005) Hence, as the atmospheric pressure is more than the intrapulmonary pressure air flows into the lungs. During quite exhalation, diaphragm and the external intercostals relax and expiration occurs passively. This occurs as the lung volume now decreases causing rise in intrapulmonary pressure above the atmospheric pressure and air is exhaled out. Forced inhalation/exhalation occurs in certain diseased conditions and during exercise. During this condition the accessory inspiratory and expiratory muscles aid in the contraction process to take place faster in order to increase or decrease the intrapulmonary pressure.(George,2005)(Miller,2005) The act of pulmonary ventilation is limited by the elastic recoil of the lungs which is measured by lung compliance. By definition compliance refers to the increase in the pulmonary volume per cm H2O rise in transpulmonary pressure. The intrapleural pressure is held negative with respect to the intrapulmonary pressure by the mechanics as described above. Even after that the lungs may not expand as desired if he elasticity or in other words the compliance is decreased. (George, 2005) (Miller, 2005) Compliance might decrease or increase in various pulmonary diseases limiting pulmonary ventilation. Compliance is ensured by Surfactants which are phospholipids like lecithin that maintains the alveolar stability by reducing or increasing the surface tension in the alveoli. This means when the alveoli try to collapse due to forced expiration, the surface tension is increased but surfactants reduce the tension. On the other hand when alveoli try to expand during forced inspiration the effective surfactant concentration/area of the alveoli decreases and hence surface tension increases causing the alveoli to revert to original position. (George, 2005) (Miller, 2005) Pulmonary ventilation is controlled by neural and chemical pathways that acts as effectors ad sensors to influence the intercostals muscles and diap hragm mechanics as described earlier. Whenever there is increased pCO2 and decreased pO2 in the arterial blood the central and the peripheral chemoreceptors situated in the medulla oblongata and carotid/aortic

Pu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pu - Essay Example The approach of this paper in measuring the political concerns to health care issues across time is drawing on the information provided by the Policy Agenda project. The policy agenda project employs the services of coders who are experts in categorizing political activities into mutually specialized topic areas. The health agenda is subdivided into 20 subtopics, which are among health care facilities, insurance access, and medical procedures among other divisions. In this volume, political activities over a 50-year period will be analyzed. The paper will make a comparison between Denmark and US and analyze the changing political attention levels to healthcare (Longley, 2007). The political attention will be measured on basis of the subjects discussed in parliamentary debates and questions presented by members of opposition to the government. Every citizen’s expectation is that relative concerns to healthcare have increased along with the rising demand for healthcare services. It is indeed true that through time the political attention on the policy of health care have increased tremendously in both political systems, i.e. in Denmark and in the US. The state of affairs can be attributed to the politicians’ interest to serve the public to appease them that in future they might stand chances for considerations during voting. Careful examination of the overall progress in political attention to healthcare across time shows a gradual increase in the levels of the congress attention to the healthcare policy. The level of concern given to healthcare policy in both the US and the Denmark political systems ranged from 1.5 to 4 percent. This occurrence was with respect of the form of activities that were being carried out by both political institutions. By the year 2002, the level of attention given to the healthcare policy relative to other agendas in both

The effectiveness of interview process for an employee

The effectiveness of interview process for an employee This paper attempted to find out the Effectiveness of Interview process for an Employee Selection Method. This manuscript reviews the literature in order to summarize, integrate, and evaluate the many ways interviews can be structured. The use of valid selection methods is an important prerequisite for good selection decision making .This review is focused on interviews effectiveness as one of the selection method. From the point of view of organisation interview decides the future employee where a lots of responsibilities lies for the organisation to select the right candidate. However interview is one way of several ways to recruit human resources and its validity and reliability needs to be accurate. Chapter gives a description of introduction of the topic, literature review and methodology to carry out the research. It set up two objectives that are to identify the strengths and weaknesses of interview technique and to find out the recommendation and suggestion to remove the flaws of interview. Most selection devices including interview are made on the basis of predictions about how well an applicant will perform, the usefulness of these predictions is determined by two main factors their reliability and validity (Sparrow, 1994 ). These are the fundamental requirements for any selection method. Suggested by Travor (1999) The structure, validity, reliability and predictive power of structure and unstructured interview have been analysed, investigated through the researchers` comments, suggestions and theory of personality. Finally step-by-step details on how both of the interview methods differ in predicting accurate job performance is presented by personality theory, job analysis etc. A key findings of this analysis in the chapter 4 is that unstructured interview is less valid and reliable as it does not focus on the behavioural based analysis to predict the job performance where structured interview is more valid and accurate as it is based on scientific and theoretical analysis using job analysis, scoring guide, and predictive questions. Through the analysis in this report, suggestion and recommendation has been made to make the interview more effective and eliminate the interview errors. A Harvard University study reports that 80% of turnover can be blamed on mistakes made during the employee selection and hiring process. Employee selection process is very important for every Organisation. If an organisation makes the wrong selection decision it will employ an individual who is not going to meet the organisations expectations of an entrant at the level. Selection and assessment is fundamentally concerned with the prediction of job performance and prediction necessarily implies the existence of predictors. There are several types of selection methods or predictors. There are more combinations and ways for selection system. Interview is a two way process -with the candidate assessing the organisation as well as the other way around. For years occupational psychologists have argued that interviews are among the worst methods of selection that organisations can use to choose its employees. Dipboye (1994) has suggested that the interview has no unique content: it is simply a method of collecting information .Nevertheless , in order to research to proceed there is a generic definition for interview as : The employment interview is defined as an interviewer-applicant exchange of information in which the interviewer(s) into the applicants (a) work-related knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs); ( motivations; (c) values; and (d) reliability, with the overall staffing goals of attracting, selecting and retaining a highly competent and productive workforce. (Eder, 1999) According to Sparrow (1994) the rationale of the interview to be a selection process are as follows: To collect information in order to predict how well the applicants would Perform in the job for which they have applied, by measuring them against predetermined criteria. To provide the candidate with full details of the job and organisation to Facilitate their decision-making Sparrow (1994). The use of valid selection methods is an important prerequisite for good selection decision making .This research is focused on interview `s effectiveness as one of the selection method. From the point of view of organisation interview decides the future employee where a lots of responsibilities lies for the Organisation to select the right candidate. However interview is one way of several ways to recruit human resources and its validity and reliability needs to be accurate. We believe that most applicants are more interested in being hired, to examine this belief it is wise to consider the two kinds of errors take place in the interview and their impact on the applicants and organisation. The errors are false rejection by which applicants should have been hired but overlooked due to weaknesses in selection method and the other errors is false hire by which organisation lose their valuable time and money in hiring wrong applicant. The line manager interest in selection process thus starts with the consequences of bad hires .If the Organisation chose the wrong person through the wrong selection method .it brings a loos for the whole organisation. There is a number of diversified pressures for the organisation to devote more attention to the efficiency and validity of the selection system. Hence organisation and applicants both share the interest in selection accuracy. Thats why satisfying selection process is very prerequisite for the decisions of interviewee and the Organisation. Therefore it is very important to justify the validity and accuracy of interview technique as a selection process. As a student of business studies and employee of various organisations I have this study challenging to explore how this method is valid. As organisation sometimes compensate the cost of hiring wrong person it is very important to research on this topic. There are several different types of selection interview for the employer to consider. The structured or patterned interview Unstructured or traditional face to face interview The semi structured interview The situational interview As interview devices are made on the basis of predictions about how well an applicant will perform the usefulness of these predictions is determined by two main factors their reliability and validity (Sparrow, 1994). Reliability is a measurement concept widely used in the psychology of assessment .It refers to consistency of a method, its capability of delivering the same or similar scores for the same individual at different times and with the different assessors (ONeil, 1990) 1.1 Aim Its very much difficult to find a skilled and talented worker without an effective interview. But how could we say that the interview was effective enough to choose the right candidate? An interview is will be successful and effective by selecting the right candidate for the right job. On the basis of two theoretical aspects as reliability and validity the aim of this research is to identify the values of the interviewing method and view of interview practices and phenomena to aid the organisation, employers and personnel practitioners. The reason to carry out the research is to find out why interview is used for most of the selection where there are several ways of selection method. , to determine the effectiveness of interview as a whole .and to identify flaws of the interview method and find out how interview could be made more effective so that organisation can choose the right future employee. In this research it has been argued that if the interview technique is an effective method for selection process, how much it is valid and reliable. Hence the title of the research is The Effectiveness of Interview process for an Employee Selection Method. 1.2 Objective Up to the time of 1989 the general consensus in the literature was that the interview was a poor selection device, tolerated primarily because it was the only personal opportunity for applicants and interviewers to exchange information with one another. . In this research the objectives are to find out the effectiveness of interview like their advantages, disadvantages, how valid and reliable they are , their strengths and weaknesses. Before all of them it is a general objective to find out why traditional interview is still used widely .which has been produced at the beginning of objective 1 In the second objective to eliminate the flaws of interview of both unstructured and structured interview and to make interview more effective recommendations and certain changes have been suggested. Therefore the objectives of this research are: 1. To determine the advantages and disadvantages of unstructured interview. 2. To evaluate schemes on how to ascertain perceived changes to make interview method more effective. Chapter 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Purpose In this chapter research methodology is described to find out the way of the analysis of the topic The Effectiveness of Interview process for an Employee Selection Method. First of all, literature review of several concepts relating to Recruitment process and the in depth description of the total process. 2.2 Positivist Research As described by Orlikowski Baroudi (1991) Positivists generally assume that reality is objectively given and can be described by measurable properties which are independent of the observer (researcher) and his or her instruments. Positivist studies generally attempt to test theory, in an attempt to increase the predictive understanding of phenomena (Orlikowski Baroudi, 1991). 2.2.1 The Positivist Paradigm: Theories, Propositions, Hypotheses and Hypothesis Testing A paradigm is a set of beliefs about the nature of social reality, that is, the nature of the world and the individuals place in it (Guba and Lincoln 1994). Guba and Lincoln note that a paradigm has three dimensions:  · What is the form and nature of reality (the ontological question)?  · What is the relationship between the researcher and what can be known (the epistemological question)?  · How does the researcher find out whatever they believe can be known (the methodological question)? It is critical to remember that paradigms are assumptions that are not subject to proof. They are human constructions that are neither right nor wrong: proponents must argue for their utility (Guba and Lincoln 1994). The positivist paradigm has the following positions with regard to the three dimensions: 1. An objective reality is assumed which can be systematically and rationally investigated through empirical investigation, and is driven by general causal laws that apply to social behaviour. This is sometimes called naÃÆ' ¯ve realism (the ontological position) (Guba and Lincoln 1994). 2. The researcher and the phenomena being investigated are assumed to be independent, and the researcher remains detached, neutral and objective. Any reduction in independence is a threat to the validity of the study, and should be reduced by following prescribed procedures (the epistemological position) (Shanks Parr, n.d). 3. General theories are used to generate propositions that are operationalised as hypotheses and subjected to empirical testing that is replicable. Hypotheses should be testable and provide the opportunity for confirmation and falsification. This is the essence of the scientific method (the methodological position) (Shanks Parr, n.d). In the following discussion about theory, proposition, hypothesis and hypothesis testing we assume a positivist position. 2.2.1Theories A theory is a system of ideas that abstracts and organises knowledge about the social world (Neuman 2000). There are many types of theory including implicit (preconceptions, biases and values etc.) and explicit theory (sets of organised concepts and their interrelationships) (Miles and Huberman 1994). There are highly abstract theoretical frameworks, and focused mid-range theories more suited to empirical work (Neuman 2000). For empirical studies conducted using a positivist, deductive case approach mid-range, explicit theories are relevant. Dubin (1978) notes that this type of theory has three main elements:  · A set of well-defined concepts (or units);  · Laws of interaction (or interrelationships between the units);  · A boundary within which the theory holds. 2.2.2 Propositions Predictions about the world are made using propositions, that is, conclusions that may be deduced logically from the theory. Propositions link the values of units. Propositions in the viewpoint development theoretical framework will therefore link specific values of viewpoint representation with specific values of viewpoint development role. Dubin (1978) notes that the most usual form of propositions is the if à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ then à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ format. Darke (1997) identifies two propositions in her study:  · If representation techniques are informal or semi-formal then they are used during the requirements acquisition viewpoint development role.  · If representation techniques are semi-formal or formal then they are used during the requirements modelling viewpoint development role (Darke, 1997). 2.2.3 Hypotheses A hypothesis is an empirically testable statement that is generated from a proposition. Terms in propositions belong to the abstract world of theory. Each of the terms must be assigned an empirical indicator. These empirical indicators are then substituted into the proposition to form a corresponding hypothesis. Once hypotheses have been generated they may be used in empirical studies (Ullah, 2010a). 2.2.4 Hypothesis Testing Hypotheses are tested by comparing their predictions with observed data. Observations that confirm a prediction do not establish the truth of a hypothesis. The deductive testing of hypotheses involves looking for disconfirming evidence to falsify hypotheses (Lee 1989). Falsified hypotheses are then refined based on the reasons for falsification and subjected to further empirical testing. 2.3 Quantitative or Qualitative method Qualitative methods approach has been used in this current research. Qualitative research involves the use of qualitative data, such Qualitative data such as open- ended responses, interviews, participant observations, field notes, reflections (Johnson Christensen, 2008). On the other hand Quantitative data based on precise measurements using structured validated data-collection instruments (Johnson Christensen, 2008). 2.4 Data collection method In order to analyse and gather the information of the research mainly primary and secondary data both were used. 2.4.1 Primary data According to Collis and Hussey (2003) in phenomenological approach the interview questions are unstructured or semi- structured in pattern not closed questions like positivistic approach. The plan is that the researcher will prepare semi-structured questions that are helpful to take maximum information from interviewees because in closed questions it is possible that some important information will be ignored. In semi-structured interviews the researcher has an opportunity to probe various areas and to raise specific queries during the semi-structured interviews (iiu.edu.my). (Ahmad, 2008) In this research, interviews were used as the source of primary data to find how the Effectiveness of Interview process for an Employee Selection Method. The reporter conducted several meeting with some renowned Recruitment agencies and different organisations to gain the practical view of the total recruitment emphasizing the Interview process. 2.4.2 Secondary data Secondary data are those that have been generated by others and are included in data-sets, case materials, computer or manual databases or published by various private recruitment organisations, Universities and public organisations or government departments (e.g. National Skills Task Force, Employers Skill Survey, Statistical Report) (Ullah, 2010a). Chapter 3 Literature Review According to Ullah (2010) the growing importance of good employees poses a challenge to the HR managers. The selection process of todays HR managers is becoming multifarious and exigent. Unquestionably the overall aim of the selection process is to spot the candidates who are appropriate for the vacancy or wider requirements of the HR plan. Interview has been used as a significant selection method by HR managers. The interview is the most applicable method in determining an applicants organisational fit, level of motivation, and inter-personal skills (Stevens, 1997 cited Ullah, 2010). An interview is a specialised form of adaptation conducted for a specific task-related purpose (Whetton Cameron, 2002). The primary objective of interview is to predict whether a candidate will meet the performance expectation on the job (Camp et al, 2001). The increasing competition for skilled and talented workers calls for effective interview. But what actually makes an interview effective? An interview is regarded as effective when it can provide its purpose, i.e. selecting the right candidate for the right job (Ullah, 2010). Human resources should be considered as a significant organizational asset. In this context, the application of the appropriate strategies for its development, can lead to the improvement of the corporate performance both in the short and the long term. Recruitment and selection are core areas of human resource management but are frequently discussed in a prescriptive manner. They are not simply techniques for filling jobs they are also levers for organizational change, sustaining employee commitment and achieving high performance. The recruitment process is both costly and lengthy, and when a mistake is made it can be catastrophic for the organization and the individual involved (Dale, 2006). Few line managers are given formal training at recruitment processes and poor interviewing skills can cost a company both cash and customers. This book enables managers and HR professionals to master essential recruitment skills and develop an effective interviewing technique. Shsckleton ( 1991) found that interviews ( traditional or unstructured method ) were used widely . In Britain 93% and 94 % in France although there was a striking contrast in the number of interviews used in the selection process. In 1980 the economic change and pressure renewed interest to focus on interview productivity and growing evidence suggested more reliable and validated interview technique , Orpen (1985) and weekly Gier (1987). There are two reasons why this study concentrates here only on unstructured / traditional interview compared to structured interview because -After1989 the quest for a more reliable, standarasied interview form was reaching fruition .The growing evidence of structured interviewing techniques like situational interview yielded more reliable and valid ratings of applicant suitability than did unstructured interview ( Janz, 1982 ; Hellervik Gilmore, 1986 ; Orpen, 1985) Structured interview appears to have greater validity than do unstructured interviews, further understanding of structured interviews would seems to have a greater payoff in terms of practice and unstructured interviews may differed greatly from study to study in terms of the questions asked . (Eder Harris, 1999 ). Since it is the interviewers responsibility to find the right candidate for the job, it is crucial that the interview is well designed. To be fit for the purpose the interview must be sufficiently demanding but, at the same time, respectful of the candidate. This book not only provides interviewers with tried and tested readymade interview questions, but also enables them to conduct fair and searching interviews. This book gives clear idea about Interview techniques and questions to ensure that the best person is recruited for the job and also includes numerous interview questions and recruitment advice (Hackett, 1998). This book gives idea to ensure any individuals for choosing better people for the organization more efficiently. It provides step-by-step guidance on techniques and procedures from the initial decision to recruit through to the critical final choice. Helpful advice is included on: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ drawing up job descriptions, employee specifications and assessment plans à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ setting up the interview à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ using different interview strategies and styles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ improving your questioning and listening skills à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ evaluating the evidence to reach the best decision (Arvey Campion, 1982). Interviews are now so widespread that it is difficult to think of a single profession where they are not used. As such, the ability to conduct interviews effectively is considered essential in any professionals repertoire of skills. This new edition of Effective Interviewing provides detailed coverage of the methods and techniques currently in practice and speculates on the future of interviewing (Dale, 2003). Chapter 4 Analysis and Findings In the previous Chapter, the research methodology, described how the information, theories and concepts were collected in order to analyse the findings with the comparison between unstructured and structured interview. 4.1 Criteria to choose Interview: Bolton (1999) described three main criteria as the tools to choose a selection method. They are; Cost Time Social interaction 4.1.1 Cost 1990 potential benefits of the selection stages must be weighed against their cost. Like travel cost, materials cost , staff costs , and time cost . It is useful to focus on contextual information that is worth being guided by cost benefit considerations in order that the effort involves gathering the information can be balanced against its usefulness within the organisation .Traditional interview cost less than structured interview as it does not necessitate straining , specialists , can take place anywhere etc . 4.1.2 Time The more stages the more time it takes to carry them out. Correspondence with and repeated visits by candidates are time consuming. Eder (1999) asserted that, structured interviewing techniques are likely to take more time than the unstructured interview. The need for a carefully documented job analysis may seem superfluous to a hiring manager who has supervised employees in the positing for many years. Saving time may become the justified fact to busy manager when they find to ask all applicants a standard set of questions wasteful and unjustified. 4.1.3 Social process Even if the interview were thoroughly repudiated, it probably would not be abandoned; there seems to be certain human curiosity, which can be satisfied in no other way than seeing each other. Stewart (1996) explained that, the past few years the managers complained on HR staff that structured interview is an unwanted control over their independence to use a core set of questions. In todays more informal business atmosphere a structured interview seems out of place. Managers may resist using structured interview . Indeed another reason for popularity of the conventional interview is that it does give the interviewee the occasion to ask questions (Eder 1999). From the above comparison the following advantages are stated: Through the interview face to face conversation is possible. It is more cost effective The Interviewer and the Interviewee need not to get training, easy to adapt. Interview can be used for almost all types of vacancies. The Interviewer can assess the interpersonal communication skill of the Interviewee. It can be used to meet wide range of information to recruit a candidate outside the job associated requirements. It can be arranged many different substantial locations. Through this process the managers can test for personal attitudes, abilities and potentiality of the candidates. 4.2 The factors that affect the interview outcomes: Motowidlo (1992) proceeds to offer various factors such as degree of control over ones behaviour that may affect the relationship between intentions and behaviour. Applicant may answer, as the interviewer will be happy to hear. Motowidlo (1992) believes that when behaviour is completely controlled by the employee, intensions will be less predictive of future than the past which also suggests that situational interviews are less predictive than the behavioural. Apart from the trait limitation according to Schermerhorn Jr et al. (1996) the prediction could be inaccurate if there is any type of factor takes place affecting or influencing the applicants reply.Through a common theoretical framework an integration of the findings may be reached. Applying this theory, this assumption can be matched with other biases leads both parties to make dispositional attributes when they are not appropriate. Thus in the case of interview from a candidates perspective the candidate may attribute interviewers behaviour wholly to personal characteristics which could original or may generalise the recruiters behaviour and behave accordingly. Interviewers signalling hypothesis can be seen as an impact to affect the outcome of interview and interfere interviewees` behaviour. Thus interviewers behaviour can control the interviewee and have a bad impact on the outcome of the selection process, which means it could cause wrong prediction and lower validity and reliability. Some evidence suggests that racial biases may be introduced in the traditional interview process because of the stereotypical views interviewers have of personalities on the basis of interviewees attitude analysis without scientific evidence and conducting the interview without objectivity that decreases the employers ability to discharge its burden of coming forward with admissible evidence that clearly sets forth a non-discriminatory reason for its rejection of the plaintiff (Eder , 1999) 4.3 Comparison between the traditional and Modern Recruitment method: According to Michigan State University Study (1995) 4.3.1 Traditional Recruitment Methods Are Too Subjective, cause Most employers use a combination of application, interviews, resumes and employment reference checks. These methods are best described as subjective. Traditional recruitment methods are highly vulnerable to data distortion or falsification. Resumes are often exaggerated or falsified. Interviews are greatly influenced by first impressions, appearance halo effects or chemistry. References are usually groomed or coached. Subjective recruitment and hiring methods provide useful, but limited information. 4.3.2 Modern Recruitment Methods Offer a More Objective Approach Modern recruitment methods use on-line applications and interviews, integrity screenings and executive profile assessments, job matching and background verifications. The information collected is highly accurate and reliable. Objective recruitment and hiring methods make your hiring process more defendable to any EEOC and ADA challenges. Screenings and profiles are not as vulnerable to faking or distortion and halo effects. Validity indicators on assessments help to verify the authenticity or candor of the candidates responses. 4.3.3 Research Shows the Relative Value of Different Hiring Methods Interviews alone 14% accuracy Reference Checks + Interviews 26% accuracy Behavior-based Personality Assessment + Reference Checks + Interviews 38% accuracy Abilities + Personality Assessment + Reference Checks + Interviewing 54% accuracy Values Interests + Abilities + Personality Assessment + Reference Checks + Interviews 66% accuracy Personal Attributes Job Matching (job benchmark) + all of the above 75% accuracy (Michigan State University Study, 1995) 4.4 How to improve Interview technique Most of the typical interviews are comparatively unstructured. Structure approach are used where every candidates face the absolutely the same questions and situations to solve such a situation where the job position required. To make interview reliable and more valid the combination of two method like -using recommended structure, assessment test, references check, panel of interview, interviewer training may increase the reliability and validity of interview, it may appear to be useful but properly controlled comparisons of scores with measures of work performance may show that an apparently less relevant test has higher predictive validity (Hossain, 2010). 4.5 Summery tips for Interviewing Regan and Dean (2010) summarised the key tips for the Interviewing technique by the following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Structure the interview, have an agenda and inform the candidate so they can manage the employers expectations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Be clear about what the organisation is looking for in terms of experience, personality and skills and prepare questions to assess the candidates suitability. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Prepare questions based on areas on the CV which the interviewer would like to investigate. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Select a comfortable professional location, free from interruptions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Review the CV and the job specification again prior to the interview. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Set all the objectives on which to asses all candidates. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Start with the brief history of the company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ place the interviewee at easy and comfortable situation where the applicant is out of nervousness. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Allow sufficient time for interviews if any changes happened let the candidate know the duration is shortened, as it was informed before. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ If the company is looking for any specific skills or attributes devise relevant questions to cover the job position, let the candidates be asked specifiaclly. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ensure candidates leave with a good impression of the Interviewer and the company, even if they are not right for this role there may be others in the future. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Summarise at the end check to see all candidates questions are answered, and let them know the next steps. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Record the answers and the responses (Regan and Dean, 2010). 3.2.1 Structure There are several ways to structure the interview .The recommendation of the form of structure set out in table given below: Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation The hiring decisions you make are some the most important investments into your organizations future. Dont leave it to chance! The task of HR managers does not complete just after the interview session. The post-interview activities are vital for them. At least they should verify the background investigation of the potential employee before finally offering the job. Background investigations, or reference checks, are inte

A Most Remarkable Teacher Essay -- Medicine College Admissions Essays

A Most Remarkable Teacher    A most remarkable high school teacher first aroused my interest in medicine when he invited me to take a special advanced microbiology course at night. He (Mr. Wiles) had worked for years in the medical field before retiring to teach school. Spending many hours with us, he constantly reaffirmed his belief that we could make a positive contribution to society through a career in medicine. Shortly after my graduation, Mr. Wiles died of lung cancer. During his last months, as I visited him, walked with him, chopped wood for him, I anguished over my helplessness as his pain grew and his life diminished. The doctors couldn't do much to reverse that process, but at least they could t~ to ease his pain or Blow the spreading disease. I admired and envied that ability.    In the ensuing years, I found myself embracing two seemingly different career paths. I loved being around people and thrived on the interaction, but I was fascinated by the technical intricacies of science. With a love for my science courses, I found that I could readily follow the logic of scientific thought. Then I left school and went to Europe as a volunteer missionary. In addition to learning a foreign Language (French) †¢ I spent that year and a half learning to work with people and help them with their problems. This strengthened my desire to work with people in some kind of clinical setting.    It was... ...e good, some not as good--as they made their rounds. The really good ones seemed able to comfort their patients in more than just a physical sense. One oncologist seemed never to fail to bring a smile to his patients' faces, such was his genuine caring.    I believe, now, the words of Mr. Wiles. I believe that as a physician I can make a very real contribution to society. I can see myself offering all I have to help a patient smile again, using all my resources to find the best scientific solution. And as I become more of a scientist, so must I become even more skilled with people--people with needs and feelings. For medicine is the culmination of that art and science-requiring the best of both worlds.

Reflection Paper for Leadership Class

In today’s society the success of business and personal life of a person depends on the attitude and how he or she handles challenges of life and opportunities it may bring. One of the important things about working together rather it’s in a workplace, school setting, or family is to know what it takes to work successfully in a team. Excellent teamwork, collaboration, good communication, positive attitudes, and adaptable personalities assist in motivating people, greater self-confidence and increased self-esteem.All of these traits combined together provide an effective tool for the success in the work force, sports, extra curricular activities, and in a person’s personal life to name a few. I participated in the DISC Behavioral Assessment in order to further understand my personal strengths and weaknesses so I can meet the demands of my environments better. The report measured how I respond to problems and challenges, how I influence others to my point of view, my response to the pace of the environment I’m in, and how I respond to rules and procedures set by others.The report states that it measures and analyzes normal behavioral style, a person’s manner of doing things. The assessment only took about 10 minutes and had me rate sequences of four words with one word describing me the most and one word describing me the least. The assessment describes my natural behavior as being nonjudgmental, open, patient, and tolerant of differences. Being receptive and listening well, helps me to excel in gathering information. However, having my mind changed is sometimes difficult.The assessment also states that I can be spontaneous and casual in familiar circumstances. I win through hard work and persistence. I like to stay with one task until it is completed. Also being stated is that I am considered to be people-oriented. I don’t resist change as much as I resist being changed. I want to be a responsible person and will avoid b ehavior that is seen by others as irresponsible. I am persistent, stable, tough-minded, and objective.My adaptive behavior in my present work environment is seen as exhibiting an active and creative sense of humor, preferring people involvement over task focus, being flexible, and working without close supervision. It also lists I may need to contact people using a variety of modes and maintain an ever-changing, friendly, work environment. I honestly do believe this assessment is very accurate with my leadership style that I do have. I always want a plan of action and want that plan carried out. I find that making decisions are easier when I know that others respect what I am trying to do.I want a stable, family-oriented environment. I feel like I have been in all situations, high and low, good and bad, and I have true empathy for those experiencing difficulties in any aspect of their lives. The assessment stated that I like to know what is expected of me in a working relationship a nd have the duties and responsibilities of others who will be involved explained as well. This is so, so true. Communication to me is huge. If everyone is on the same page, any and all obstacles can be overcome. I enjoyed taking this assessment. It was quick and easy but listed and provided a lot of wonderful and helpful information.The way that it broke down the areas in which I was valuable to a team, organization, my do’s and don’ts of communicating, and then tips was superior to many other assessments that I have taken. This will encourage me to dig a little deeper and work on strengthening my weaknesses; which in turn will only cushion and build my strengths. This assessment also allows me to compliment myself on my leadership skills that I do possess. Reading wonderful things about my leadership style from this analysis is extremely encouraging and self-rewarding. Durek Neblett

Cable vs. Dial-up essays

Cable vs. Dial-up essays The internet is a method of communication and a source of information that is becoming more popular among those who are interested in, and have the time to surf information superhighway. Ten years ago, using a dial-up method to connect to the internet was jus about the only way to do it. Fortunately, thanks to development of technology nowadays people have an opportunity to choose one of many different manners to hook up their machine to the net. Ones are more popular then others; therefore, it is considered that there are two main technologies profoundly impacting the way people access the internet these days. These are: dial-up and broadband cable. Although they both have a common function to connect us to the internet, differences between them are very obvious. First, and the most important one, which distinguish both connections is speed. While dial-up, in theory, is capable of speed of up to 56 kbps, cable can easily achieve 1.5 Mbps. Abstract in our fast-paced society, nobody has time to sit in front of a computer idly waiting to connect to the ISP (Internet Service Provider), or staring at a blank browser screen while the graphics on a web page loads. Especially, nowadays when files prone to be heavy/big like mp3 or avi files speed can make a crucial difference. Second one is the price. Although days with free dial-up internet are gone, it is still the least expensive access technology on the market, that price is between 10 and 25 dollars. On the other hand broadband cable is one of the most expensive connections with a price often exciding 50$ a month. In addition to monthly charges, unless the cable company in your neighborhood offers a sweet deal on their cable modem service, you will incur a pricey installation fee. Whereas connecting dial-up is free and easy, you dont have to shell out any additional money. On the top of these, cable modem is rather expensive with its price ranging from 60 to 200 doll...

UC Berkeley Free OpenCourseWare Online Classes

UC Berkeley Free OpenCourseWare Online Classes Every semester, University of California Berkeley records several popular courses and offers them free to the public as OpenCourseWare classes. New lectures are posted online each week during the run of the course. The webcast classes are archived for about a year; then  theyre removed from distribution. Like other OpenCourseWare programs, UC Berkeley usually doesnt offer credit or  student/teacher interaction for these free online classes. Where to Find UC Berkeley OpenCourseWare UC Berkeley’s OpenCourseWare webcasts can be found on three websites: Webcast. Berkeley, Berkeley on YouTube, and Berkeley on iTunes University.  By subscribing to UC Berkeley courses via iTunes, you’ll receive new lectures automatically and save a copy of each course on your hard drive. If you’re an RSS user, you can subscribe to a course through the Webcast Berkeley website and watch lectures in Google Reader or another appropriate application. The YouTube site provides streaming videos that can be watched anywhere or embedded in a website or blog. How to Use UC Berkeley OpenCourseWare If you plan to use UC Berkeley OpenCourseWare, it’s advisable to start at the beginning of the semester. Since lectures are posted online shortly after they’re given, you’ll be able to watch up-to-date recordings that reflect the most recent research and world events.The UC Berkeley websites offer only lectures, not assignments or reading lists. However, independent learners are often able to gather class materials by visiting the lecturers’ websites. When watching the first video of a course, be sure to listen for a class web address. Many lecturers provide downloadable material on their sites. Top Free Online Subjects From UC Berkeley Since UC Berkeley’s webcasts vary between semesters, there’s always something new to explore. Popular subjects include computer science, engineering, English, and psychology. Check out the Berkeley website for the most up-to-date list. Three sample classes include: How to Write an Essay: This  five-week  introduction to academic writing for English language learners  focuses on essay development, grammar, and self-editing. The  course is free, but two additional fee-based components are offered: a certificate highlighting the knowledge and skills gained and  weekly interactive  small-group sessions with a live mentor.Marketing Analytics: Products, Distribution, and Sales: This four-week  course offers instruction in advanced concepts such as conjoint analysis and decision tree methodologies to product decisions  as well as  the best ways to distribute and sell offerings to consumers. Also provided for a  fee is a certificate highlighting the knowledge and skills gained in the course.The Science of Happiness: This eight-week course teaches the science of positive psychology, which explores the roots of a happy and meaningful life. A  certificate highlighting the knowledge and skills gained in the course is  offered for aà ‚  fee. Part of a Partnership The UC Berkeley OpenCourseWare program is partnered with edX, an online course provider that offers more than 1,900 free and fee-based online courses from over 100 institutions worldwide. The partnership, founded by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also includes nonprofit institutions, national governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations.

Autobiography(first love) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Autobiography(first love) - Essay Example On the morning of May 27th, I finally got my chance to do something about the way I felt. It was announced that my school would be starting later than usual that morning, which would give me a chance to go over to her school instead. I thought about what I was going to do for the rest of the day, even during my night-time tutoring session at the Educational Institution, where I was learning English. I saw someone selling flowers, which gave me a tremendous idea. I bought sixteen roses, one for every year of her life, and hid them in my garden so that my parents wouldn’t see them. When I got home, I called a couple of my friends to see if any of them would go with me – I didn’t want to be alone. The next morning didn’t go quite the way I’d planned. I was anxiously waiting at the bus stop for the two friends that said they would go with me and they managed to get there just before the bus to her school. I still regret my choice of clothing for this meeting. I was going to have to go straight from her school to mine, so I was wearing our horrible brown school uniform. We looked like janitors, which was sure to work against me. My planning skills were found to be poor again when we arrived at her school and I realized I had no idea where her classroom was. While we searched from classroom to classroom, we ran into one of the teachers, who recognized that we didn’t belong at that school. He thought we were there to make trouble, so he hit us and banned us from the grounds. One of my friends didn’t want to risk getting in trouble for a girl that wasn’t even for him, so he waited outside while my other friend and I tried to get back through the gates. Although there hadn’t been a guard there before, there was one now and he stopped us to ask why we were trying to get inside. The roses probably should have made it possible for him to guess, but my friend lied and said we wanted to make one of the teachers feel better. He

Care study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Care study - Essay Example The Eskimos have a tradition wherein when a member of the family has reached an age where he or she is no longer an active participant of the tribe, the son or the closest member of the family is tasked to take him miles from the home and leave him in the freezing cold. Such practice, although barbaric, was accepted not only by the family member who has to do the form of euthanasia but also by elderly himself to be his fate. In simple logic, those who no longer contribute to the benefit of the family has lost his worth and must therefore accept the reality of death as promulgated by those close to him. The very thought of this scenario where an old person is left to die in frigid weather arouses disturbing thoughts in a humane perspective. The necessity to enforce that every person must be attributed with not only the quality of life but also the quality of death should be affixed to the elderly. The elderly psychiatry ward poses a professional challenge to the individuals assigned to it. But most importantly, it also yields the obligation to impart an emotional aspect to the care that they receive. Otherwise, rather than being treated as individuals, they may be deprived of the respect that is not entirely undue to them. There are a number of problems that arises in the nursing profession. One of such that persists is the ethical dilemmas that health professionals face in their career. Ethics, or in simple interpretation is the ability to distinguish between right and wrong is embraced in the moral conception of decision-making for individuals. Being professional is synonymous to doing the right thing that is good not only for the client but also for one’s own being. The Nursing & Midwifery Council’s promulgation of a Code of Conduct provides for set guidelines that must be met by nurses and midwives in their careers and their interaction with clients to ensure that they remain faithful to their oath. Rumbold (as

Topic is enclosed in the description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Topic is enclosed in the description - Essay Example bes revolves around situations when the sovereign state needs to call upon the strength of its citizens to provide the state and its people the protection it needs. In dangerous situations, a rational egoist would most likely not risk his life for the protection of the sovereign state. However, if such protection is not provided by the citizens, then the state will revert to a state of nature. And, our lives would be forfeit if the orders of the state are not followed and protection is not provided to the state by the rational egoist. This paper shall be a critical analysis paper on Hobbes’ previously mentioned statement. This analysis shall clarify the position being examined, shall elaborate arguments for or against the position in question, shall carefully assess the adequacy and strength of the arguments by considering possible responses, counter-arguments, or counter-examples, and offer this student’s own assessment of where the arguments for and against the position being considered leave us – and is we should accept, reject, or remain neutral regarding this orientation or position. The dilemma in Hobbes’ statement is on how to bring consistency into his argument or if consistency is even possible in his statement. If consistency is to be brought to his statement, is a state of nature inevitable? Hobbes seems to be advocating that a rational man is not obligated to render service to the state in order to help protect sovereign interests. The dilemma in Hobbes statement can be phrased in the question – why would a rational egoist surrender his sovereignty in the state of nature? (Stanford University Press â€Å"Social Order†). A rational egoist would work through the logic of risking his life and limb in order to protect the state. He would deliberate and ask himself if his sacrifice would be worth the imposed danger on his life. The egoist in him would do everything to avoid danger and pain. He would be thinking of ways to save himself,

Perspectives on conflicts and disputes Essay Example for Free

Perspectives on conflicts and disputes Essay Legal positivists postulate that individuals are intrinsically greedy, which is the main root of conflicts among them. Thomas Hobbes posits that beings are doomed to dispute because of their primeval nature, which is deduced to selfishness that causes them to struggle to maintain their social status. In this milieu, Charles Darwin furthered this stance by conjecturing that species’ selfish ways are embedded to their genes because life is nothing but a struggle for survival. To curtail this selfishness, law is of necessity because only it provides rules and restrictions to protect the interest and upholds the rights of each individual. The advancement on the epistemological aspect of conflict starts at the ontogenetic condition of the specie and continues in its phylogenetic condition. Ontogenetic state means that the being develops from the conception of its genes up to the end of its life cycle. Conversely, phylogenetic event transpires in between of the beings conception and death, meaning the individual develops throughout the time it exists. Therefore, Homo sapiens understanding of conflict’s anatomy begins at phylogenetic level and its full comprehension happens when Homo sapiens reaches the end of ontogenetic level. The epistemic acquisition of conflicts thrives in human playground or to events and settings that necessitates human actions and interactions. Conflicts undergo a succession that perpetually exists within the life-world of beings such as their surroundings, environment, politics, business, science, etc. Having drawn this conclusion, we can infer that in existing innumerable of conflicts there is a myriad of ways of resolving it. Conflict is impossible to annihilate because of the following reasons: first, it thrives at the very heart of human volition, which is the source of human selfishness, and second, it has been part of human psyche to transfer it from one generation to the other, which resulted to a vicious cycle within the epistemic system of conflict. And throughout history, individuals have learned the art of conflict, and some even mastered the usage of conflict in their everyday lives. Handling conflict is very vital to human existence because it can totally change the landscape of one’s own existence. The coming of twentieth century proved that beings are becoming more and more aware of how to comprehend the nitty-gritty details of conflict, and what are the effective means of handling conflicts. There is no panacea that will medicate continuous existence of conflict, but humans strive to find a better solution to satisfy the needs of a prominent conflict because they are challenged by the difficulty it embodies. It must be noted that conflict is getting more complicated as time passes by, which means that better solution must be concocted to counter-attack more severe problem. The vastness of the universe implies a far more serious condition because the contingency of the world can necessitate an unknown conflict, which greatly needs a novel constructs or to put it simply, man has to go out of the box to resolve a new or unknown prevailing issue. This kind of conflict serves a greater challenge to human reason because it is something that our very reason has not yet encountered. The enigmatic characteristic of such new issues demands transcendence in our rationality. Using Karl Marx philosophical stance, we can infer that conflict has a crisis-response blueprint or a thesis-antithesis pattern. Multiplicity of conflicts has evolved into a more complex manner within the continuum of time, as well as the individual effort to manage and to elucidate it. In order for a human specie to understand the mechanism of conflict, he/she must know its intrinsic values, and in doing so, he/she can decipher appropriate solution for different conflicts. The epicentre of conflict lies on the innate nature of man and its solution lies on the rules that have been drawn to curb the natural operation of human volition. Development is the life-source of conflict, ironically speaking, the more we formulate means to make life easier the more we recognize new conflicts. In the primeval condition of humanity the only existing problem is the source of food, and then it further develops into the issue of territory, and finally when men resolved these issues another conflict sprouted when they realized the significance of property. The birth of science and technology intensified the man’s struggle to annihilate conflicts. Science and technology successfully medicated the prevailing conflicts of our society but it also paved for the birth of novel conflicts, and in some condition aggravated an existing issue. As of this modern day period, science and technology provides a myriad of solutions in human crises in the field of poverty, education and medicine. But it also exacerbates war between nations because technology brings forth weaponry of mass destruction. Man by Nature is Selfish According to Richard Dawkins introduction in his book The Selfish Gene, man’s attitude is greatly affected and designed by our genetic composition. Our genes made us. We animals exist for their preservation and are nothing more than their throwaway survival machines. The world of the selfish gene is one of savage competition, ruthless exploitation, and deceit. But what of the acts of apparent altruism found in nature the bees who commit suicide when they sting to protect the hive, or the birds who warn the flock of an approaching hawk? Do they contravene the fundamental law of gene selfishness? At the onset of Dawkins book, he clearly stipulated that all species either man or animals are machines fashioned by their genetic design. As mentioned earlier, Hobbes believes that men are naturally born selfish, and it is the same in Dawkins case. According to him, the selfishness of man is deeply embedded in our genes, and due to this we must learn the virtue of generosity and altruism because if we failed to do so, men will perpetually live on catastrophic state. Dawkins stance must not be misconstrued as an ethical justification of human behaviour or a moral treatise that must be followed since his insight is loud and clear; that men are selfish because of their genes, no more, no less. Having said this, it is a challenge for us to control it if not exterminate it because we are the only species who can desired to do it. In the furtherance of man’s selfish genes, Dawkins incorporated Darwin’s biological conjecture that man is doomed for the battle of its own survival. However, the former believes that survival is not controlled by man; rather man is machinated by genes to strive for its own survival. The genes are the building blocks of human existence, it is the one that created us, and these genes even dictates how we should reason out. Men are innately selfish for the sole reason of life preservation or prolongation. They are willing to do everything just to ensure that their interests are satisfied. Satisfaction of interest is tantamount to the validation of one existence. This is the embodiment of human existence, chaotic and full of struggle. The machination of individual is further elucidated by Dawkins through his explanation of gene mechanism. Dawkins adopted G. C. Williams’ definition of genes, which stated that gene any portion of chromosomal material that potentially last for enough generations to serve as a unit of natural selection . The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of man thrives within our body. It must be noted that DNA is not contained in a particular body parts rather it is widely disseminated within our cells. Approximately speaking, a human body is made of a thousand million cells, and each of these cells contains an exact blueprint of all DNA in our body. The significance of the ontogenetic control of genes is its capability of self-continuation and self-propagation, meaning, genes can preserve itself under the condition of numerous struggles. The survival of genes lies on the efficiency and power of our corporeal body, which they inhabit for its own development. The existence of each human species is not everlasting, it is ephemeral. Dawkins uses an analogy wherein each card in a deck represents the genes. According to him, when a deck of card are being shuffled they undergo a process of survival. And this process of survival is exactly the mechanism of genes wherein every time they are shuffled a gene only assumes the position of another gene, instead of being destroyed, and after the shuffling process genes are still genes that continue to march on. Dawkins draws a conclusion from this analogy, which stated that genes are basically the replicators and we are their machinery for survival. And when we have fulfilled our function we are automatically became useless, but gene will perpetuate its existence because it is a denizen of geological time . In view of that, Dawkins also posits that gene is the basic unit of survival because it competes for its own preservation against their alleles for a slot in the chromosome. With this picture, we can infer that genes struggle for survival of future generation in the gene pool in the expense of its own alleles. Therefore, selfishness is indeed the fundamental foundation of selfishness. The genes are the master programmers, and they are programming for their lives. They are judged according to the success of their programs in copying with all the hazards that life throws at their survival machines, and the judge is the ruthless judge of the court of survival . This phrase only strengthened Dawkins claims that man is nothing but a machinery of genes for its own survival. As pointed earlier, man is different from other specie because a human being has a will power and reason, meaning man can go against the dictate of its gene i. e. a person can choose not to reproduce. In addition, reason has its own domain wherein it has the capability to manipulate habitual operation of gene machine, to envisage what lies beyond its own future, and most significantly, to act according to its own course of nature. Because of rationality, gene machinery is able to be in command of outlining what direction individuals must follow. Rationality can curtail the dictate of gene, meaning, a person can transcend his/her selfishness and reach the condition of being generous and altruistic. The emancipation of man from his selfish nature is only possible if and only if he succumb himself to an agreement. Being established that human beings to be innately selfish also indicate that they are self-regulating. But generosity and altruism can only be actualized if the self-regulating beings surrender their self-regulating prowess. Selfishness is the anti-thesis of the said virtues but because of rationality human beings will submit to an agreement to satisfy the insufficiency of self-regulation. The universal antidote for this insufficiency is the construction of law through its rules. In the vein of Hobbes social contract theory, man must give in to an agreement to restrain his natural tendencies, but he must only surrender to a contract if and only if others will surrender to it in equal footing. But in the provision of rules it is a prerequisite to understand the intricate schema of conflict. The Role of Rules In Using Conflict Theory, Otomar Bartos and Paul Wehr claim that in the wide range of epistemic knowledge regarding conflicts there are two guiding principles that must be comprehended: one, to concentrate on general theories, and second, to carry out these theories on a simplified fashion. The former necessitate an application of theories to innumerable types of conflicts. While the latter focuses on the specific arguments or application of the former. One good example of general theories is elucidation of poverty in the third world countries using the framework of dialectical materialism by Marx. If we convert this general theory into a simplified manner, one must look at the specific causes of poverty such as shortage of natural resources, lack of capital, misallocation of funds, graft and corruption, and the likes. If one is successful in outlining the appropriate general theories in an existing conflict, then he/she translates these theories in its simplified form. And if this will be the case, then concoction of rules will be easier. Rules must embody the principle of the entire society and it must cater to the needs of its citizenry. Rules can be perceived in two ways: Kantian or Utilitarian. Immanuel Kant posits that rules must be made in the context of universal imperative, meaning it must not be used as means of advancing one’s interest rather it must be created for its own sake and for the goodness and betterment of humanity. In lieu to this, Utilitarian advocates such as J. S. Mill argues that rules must be conceptualized in the essence of achieving the goodness of the majority and resulting to the production of best consequences. Kant postulates that a rule must be encompassing and must not reside on the band wagon of majority votes because it contradicts the reason of man, and because number of votes does not imply truth. For example, killing another being is morally unjustified is a universal rule because it affirms the importance of life, which is true to all beings. Conversely, J. S. Mill believes that rules are justified if and only if the â€Å"greatest happiness for the greatest number of people† is reached. But it must be noted that utilitarian theory also entails a qualitative measurement through the intensity and duration of happiness, meaning, it must have greater impact to the society and its intensity must last for the longest time if not forever. For example, death penalty can be either permissible or impermissible depending on the context of society, but the point is, morally justifiability of death penalty lies on majority votes since it can serve the interest of more people. There are voluminous conflicting issues regarding these theories because both of them are in extreme opposition. Kant rejects utilitarianism because it does not uphold a consensual quest for universal truth and it only served the interests of the majority of population in a given social context. On the other hand, utilitarian advocates refute the Kantian theories because of its impossibility or tedious system in knowing the universal truth. But in the modern day period, utilitarian theories are more adopted than Kantian theory because it is more feasible in creating rules for present conflicts and for future conflicts. In most cases, before a rule can be ratified it must undergo an election and must meet certain number of votes to quantify its validity i. e. three-fourths of the voting population or majority votes. But it must be noted that most rules fashioned in utilitarian perspective must follow a universal precept so that it will not contradict the constitution of a specific nation. For example, murder is universally not accepted, which one of the reason why death penalty is not easy to endorse because it contradicts a universal precept, though some countries provided an reasonable exemption on the matter, killing will still be universal precept that they must consider. Rules main goal is to promote the interest of every individual as possible as it can, and to restrict the selfish ways of human beings, in order to maintain an ordered society. Because of this guideline, law has delineated the scope of public and private sphere to guarantee the possibility of generosity and altruism. Public sphere is far more superior to the private sphere because the former promotes national interest and the welfare of the entire populace. Law provides countless rules to reinforce the supremacy of public sphere, which is the apparent implication on the significance of reason. Rules are the product of our reason to rebel against the dictate of our selfish genes. In the furtherance of rules, justice must be encapsulated in its formulation to ensure an effective implementation of it.