Memristor Spice Model For Designing Memristor Circuits Economics Essay

Memristor Spice form For Designing Memristor Circuits economic science EssayMemristors atomic number 18 novel electronic thingumajigs, a device that bath be used and slip away a extensive advantage in many applications such as memory, logic, neuromorphic governing bodys and so on. A computer homunculus of the memristor would be a expedient son of a bitch to analysis band carriage to helper in develops application of this memristor as peaceful travel factor via computer pretense. In this paper, we incorporate a memristor spiciness for headinging memristor circuit which is more(prenominal) focusing on non- linear archetype and analog circuits. gaminess vex would be appropriate way to tell a bea real device operation. We incorporating the memristor with various windowpanepanepane agencys that have been proposed in non linear ion vomit up memristor devices. In investigating and characterizing the somatic electronic and behavioral properties of memristo r devices, the circuit analysis of the proposed memristor regulates argon wherefore been studied. The assumption go forthput should have a current- potential difference hysteresis curve, which looks like bow tie. The coils map the change by reversal behavior of the device. Then, we come out with a simple-minded analog circuit which in this case we construct a simple integrator op-amp and discriminator op-amp circuit and make comparison surrounded by memristor implemented circuit and design circuit. The explore verifies the proposed memristor illustration, the possibilities of implementing memristor specimen and the advantage implementing the memristor in analog circuit.Keywords memristor, alter model, non linear, window personas, analog circuit.IntroductionMemristor is the contraction of memory resistance which is a nonoperational device that provides a determinational apprisal amongst perpetration and liquidize. It is a both- net circuit constituent in whic h the go in the midst of the 2 remnants is a take to the woods of the amount of electric charge that has passed through the device 1. A memristor is said to be charge- misrepresentled if the relation betwixt flux and charge is explicit as a piece of electric charge and it is said to be flux-controlled if the relation between flux and charge is expressed as a shape of the flux gene linkage 2.In 1971, Leon Chua proposed that at that place should be a fourth total passive circuit element to create a mathematical blood between electric charge and magnetic flux which he called the memristor which is short for memory resistor 2.The current is defined as the time derivative instrument of the charge. The potential difference is defined as the time derivative of the flux harmonize the faraday law. A resistor is defined by the kinship between potential difference and current dv=Rdi, the capacity is defined by the family between charge and potency dq=Cdv, the inductor is def ined by the kin between flux and current d=Ldi. The fourth fundamental circuit element completes the symmetry of the relation between charge and magnetic flux d=Mdq. tabularise 1 destine the relationship between the fundamental circuit element.Basic two terminal devicesEquationRelationship between fundamental circuit elementResistor,Rdv=Rdiv and iCapacitor,Cdq=Cdvv and qInductor,Ld=Ldii and Memristor,Md=Mdqq and Table 1 The four fundamental element (resistor, capacitor, inductor and memristor).In 2008, Stanley Williams and his team at Hewlett Packard had succesfully fabricated the first memristor in physical device form which is a long wait from Leon Chua discovery in 1971 3. Memristance is a property of memristor. When the charge period of times in one perplexity through a circuit, the resistances of the memristor step-up. The resistance decreases when the charge flows in the opposite circumspection in the circuit. If the applied potential difference is morose off, thus s drop deadping the flow of charge and the memristor remembers the last resistance that it had 1.In HP memristor model, to create a memristor, they used a very quash convey of titanium dioxide (TiO2). The thin film is wherefore sandwiched between the two platinum (Pt) contacts. One grimace of TiO2 is doped with oxygen va tummycies denoted as TiO2-x which x is usually 0.05. The oxygen va rumpcies are positively charged ion and make it conductive, thus it behaves as a semiconductor. other side of the TiO2 junction is undoped. The undoped region has insulating properties. The device established by HP is appearancen in jut out 1 3. approach pattern 1 Memristor model oblige from 3.When a positive emf is applied, the positively charged oxygen va buttockscies in the doped TiO2-x layer are repelled and moving them towards to the undoped TiO2 layer. When the boundary between the two materials moves, the percentage of the conducting TiO2-x layer is increase. Thus, the conductivity of t he whole device increases.When a prohibit voltage is applied, the positively charged oxygen vacancies are attracted and pulling them out of TiO2 layer. This increases the amount of insulating TiO2, thus increasing the resistivity of the whole device. When the voltage is turned off, the oxygen vacancies do not move. The boundary between the two titanium dioxide layers is frozen. This is how the memristor remembers the voltage last applied 1.MethodologyOur aim in this research is to provide a simulation program adequately simulates and can be used as a circuit element in design snip. To model the electrical indications of the memristor, SPICE would be appropriate way to describe real device operation 4. Moreover, using the model as a sub-circuit can highly guarantee a reasonable high flexibility and scalability features 5. We use LTSPICE to create a memristor model and design brand-new symbolism of the memristor circuit for the simulation because LTSPICE is much easier to handl e compared to others. On the other hand, LTSPICE is a freeware and it impart spread a great advantage to the students in doing research for this newly devices. We use SPICE model that been adapt from 6 and we made near adjustment so we can use it for several(prenominal) window functions that has been proposed for non linear ion gasconade model.The SPICE model is created based on the mathematical model of the HP Labs memristor. After the memristor has been modeled, we first studied the difference between proposed memristor and then we go out start design and implement the memristor with an analog circuit. We also wonder and made a comparison between the memristor circuit with analog circuit to assure the difference and study the behavior of the circuits.Model Of The Memristor from HP LabsIn the model of a memristor presented here, there is a thin semiconductor film that has two regions, one with a high concentration of dopant that behaves like a low resistance called RON and the other with a low dopant concentration with high(prenominal) resistance called ROFF 3. The film is sandwiched between two metal contacts as in foreshadow 1.The total resistance of the memristor, RMEM, is a sum of the resistances of the doped and undoped regions, w is the width of the doped region and D is the total length of the TiO2 layer. ROFF and RON will be the limit determine of the memristor resistance for w=0 and w=D. The ratio of the two resistances is usually given as 102 103.(1)(2)From the ohms law relation between the memristor voltages and current, we get(3)Then, we insert (1) into (3). The voltage v(t) across the device will move the boundary between the two regions causing the charged dopants to drift. So, there is a drift ion mobility v in the device. The change of the boundary is denoted as in (5).(4)(5)To get x(t), we then integrates the right side of equality (5) which then yields the following formula(6)By inserting comparison (6) into equation (4) and si nce usually RON(7)Where v is the average drift velocity and has the units cm2/sV, D is the thickness of titanium-dioxide film ROFF and RON are on- claim and off- nominate resistances and q(t) is the total charge passing through the memristor device.Non Linear Ion Drift ModelEven a small voltage across the nanodevices will modernise a large electric field 7. This causing the ion boundary built in bed will move in a decidedly non-linear. Nonlinear dopant drift adds nonlinear window function f(x) to the earth equation. The window function decreases as the state variables drift speed approaches the boundaries until it slayes zero when reaching either boundaries 8. The speeds of the faecal matter of the boundary between the doped and undoped regions are depending on several factors.(8)Where v is the dopant mobility. The speed of the boundary between the doped and undoped regions decreases gradually to zero at the film edges 1. We simulate the nonlinear ion drift memristor model with these window function to see the difference and the issue that been faced by them.Window passWindow function is a function of the state variable. Window function forces the bounds of the device and to add nonlinear behavior close to these bounds. In other words, it creates the boundary for the memristor. Any topicive window function should and so fulfill the following conditions 8Take into account the boundary conditions at the top and bottom electrodes of the deviceBe capable of imposing nonlinear drift over the entire active core of the deviceProvide linkage between the linear and nonlinear dopant drift modelsBe scalable, meaning a range of fmax(x) can be obtained such that 0 fmax(x) 1lend oneself a built-in control statement for adjusting the model.There are several window functions that have been proposed for non-linear model till date which are by Strukov, Joglekar and, Biolek, and Prodromakis. Strukov proposed the following window function 3.(9)However, as we can see in the figure 2, this window function lacks of flexibility. take in 2 Plot of Strukov window function.Another window function was proposed by Joglekar 4, which has a control line of reasoning p which is a positive integer. The purpose of having a control debate as an exponent is to incorporate scalability and flexibility in window function f(x) that describes the dopant kinetics.(10) excogitation 3 displays a graphical theatrical of the window function described by Joglekar for various p parameter (p=1, 5 and 10). This control parameter controls the linearity of the model, where it becomes more linear as p increases. This window function ensures zero drift at the boundaries. From the plotted graph, we noticed that the upper limit f(x) time prize is occurs at the center of the device and zero is obtained at two boundaries. However, a significant liability of this model lies in the fact that if w hits any of the boundaries (w = 0 or w = D) the state of the device cannot be further a djusted. This will be from now on termed as the terminal state problem.Figure 3 Plot of Joglekar window function for p=1, 5 and 10.Then, Biolek proposed another window function that allows the memristor to come back from the terminal state problem.(11)The reversed stoop is now should move back the state variable after it reaches either boundary. This feature is described by a current dependent step function, stp(i), which is a part of a new window function f(x) that behaves differently in each voltage bias direction.(12)Figure 4 Plot of Biolek window function for p=1, 5 and 10.Figure 4 displays a graphical representation of the window function described by Biolek for various p parameter (p=1, 5 and 10). When x starts at 0, we noticed that the function equal to 1. As x increase approaching D, the function approaches 0. Once the current reverse the direction, the function flat switch to 1. As x decrease back to 0, the function also decreases to 0. Biolek window function eliminates c onvergence issues at the devices boundaries.The last window function for non-linear model is proposed by Prodromakis 8.(13)Figure 5 displays a graphical representation of the window function described by Prodromakis for various p parameter (p=1, 5 and 10). As we can see, it allows the window function to scale upwards which implies that fmax(x) can take any value within 0 Figure 5 Plot of Prodromakis window function for p=1, 5 and 10.SPICE Model of MemristorFigure 6 Stucture of the SPICE model from 6.In the to a higher place circuit in figure 6, VMEM is the foreplay voltage and Imem is modeled to be the current through the memristor. The flux is calculated by integrating the voltage VMEM and the charge is calculated by integrating the current IMEM.Figure 7 Resistive port of the memristor model.As we can see in figure 7, the circuit is actually referred to total resistor RMEM. RMEM (x) = ROFF -xR where R= ROFF-RON. ROFF is the resistor in series voltage source whose terminal voltag e is controlled by the formula -xR.Figure 8 variousial equation modeling of the memristor.Figure 8 shows the differential equation modeling of the memrsitor. It consist a part of the voltage controlled source xR and the differential equation from equation (6) which serves as an integrator of the quantities on the right side of the state equation (6) which is to get the value of normalize x. EMEM is the voltage source whose terminal voltage is controlled according to the formula -xR. GX is a current source whose current is controlled according to the equation IMEMf(V(x)) where V(x) is the voltage across the capacitor Cx and it models the normalized width x of the doped layer. F(V(x)) is the window function, k is vRON/D2 and x0 is the sign voltage of the capacitor.6.The relation between memristor current and voltage is modeled as on the basis of RMEM (x) = ROFF -xR where R= ROFF-RON. The voltage V(x) across the capacitor CX models the normalized width x of the doped layer. The initi al state of x is modeled by the initial voltage of the capacitor. The flux is calculated by the time- built-in of voltage, and the charge is calculated by the time-integral of current.Result and DiscussionAll models were simulated in LTSpice using SPICE model that was given in 6, we add new nonlinear window functions that was proposed by prodromakis and strukov to the model and compare all suggested window functions.memristorFigure 9 Memristor circuit.Figure 9 shows configuration of single memristor for measuring the behavior of memristor model in LTSPICE with a sine wave input voltage of 1.2V with 1Hz frequency. The values for the memristor parameters v, D, RON, ROFF and RINITIAL are 10-10cm2s-1V-1, 10 nm, 100ohm, 16kohm and 11Kohm. All model are using akin window function parameter p=10.CUsersFadzDesktop consequencestrukovstrukov1.pngFigure 10 Strukov memristor model voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x.Figure 10 shows the simulation result of memristor SPICE model for Strukov w indow function of voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x. As we can see, the current of the memristor, IMEM is alter up to most 100A for maximum of 1.2V voltage applied. The RMEM for this model show that the values are in range of 11kOhm till 12kohm which means the effect of the voltage applied to the memristor wholly give slightly changes on the value of the memristor. Noticed that when positive voltage is applied, the conductivity of the device increases thus the memristance is decrease. When contradict voltage is applied, the resistivity of the device increase thus the memristance is also increase. This verifies the memristive system on the device. In normalize x graph, we also noticed that the normalized x is at higher state in the beginning. Figure 11 shows the I-V characteristic of the devices and the relationship between charge and flux. The charge and flux curve curves confirms the considerably known fact that there is a one-to-one correspondence between them in spite of the 1-4 hysteresis effect. Strukov memristor shows lack of flexibility of controlling the device.CUsersFadzDesktopresultstrukovstrukov4.pngFigure 11 Strukov memristor model I-V loop hysteresis and relationship of charge and flux.CUsersFadzDesktopresultjoglekarjoglekar1.pngFigure 12 Joglekar memristor model voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x.Joglekar window function calculates to be promising as the existence of controlling parameter. Figure 12 shows the simulation result of memristor SPICE model for Joglekar window function of voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x. Same as strukov memristor, when positive voltage is applied, the conductivity of the device increases thus the memristance is decrease. When negative voltage is applied, the resistivity of the device increase thus the memristance is also increase. The current of the memristor, IMEM is transfering up to approximately 300A for maximum of 1.2V voltage applied. Joglekar window function give higher current compared to ot hers. It shows that the current in the memristor are much easier to move. The RMEM are within range of nearly 0ohm to 11kohm which give full range of value for the memristor. Figure 13 show the I-V hysteresis loop of the devices and the relationship between charge and flux. The switching behavior is much more sensitive on the voltage level than Strukov window function. But, in term of stability, Joglekar window function cannot execute for an arbitrary length of time. This failure is caused by the convergence issue where when the memristor reach w=0 or w=D, the state of the device cannot be further adjusted.CUsersFadzDesktopresultjoglekarjoglekar4.pngFigure 13 Joglekar memristor model I-V loop hysteresis and relationship of charge and flux.Biolek window functions are supposed to solve terminal state problem as in literature 4. It should solve the boundry problem of the terminal state. Figure 14 and 15 shows the simulation result of memristor SPICE model for Biolek window function. The current of the memristor, IMEM is varying up to approximately 220A for maximum of 1.2V voltage applied. The RMEM are within range of nearly 1kohm to 11kohm. Figure 15 show the I-V hysteresis loop of the devices and the relationship between charge and flux. From the figures, we observe that the biolek memristor spare the highly non-linear device characteristic behavior. In addition, Bioleks model allows for general asymmetric I-V device behavior modeling.CUsersFadzDesktopresultbiolekbiolek1.pngFigure 14 Biolek memristor model voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x.CUsersFadzDesktopresultbiolekbiolek4.pngFigure 15 Biolek memristor model I-V loop hysteresis and relationship of charge and flux.Prodromakis window functions are also said to solve the boundry issue. Figure 16 shows the simulation result of memristor SPICE model for Joglekar window function of voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x. The current of the memristor, IMEM is varying up to approximately nearly 180A for maximu m of 1.2V voltage applied. The RMEM are within range of nearly 3kohm to 11kohm.CUsersFadzDesktopresultprodromakisprodromakis1.pngFigure 16 Prodromakis memristor model voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x.Figure 17 show the I-V hysteresis loop of the devices and the relationship between charge and flux. The hysteresis loop is shown to be asymmetrical slice the OFF state of the device is highly non-linear compared with other.CUsersFadzDesktopresultprodromakisprodromakis4.pngFigure 17 Prodromakis memristor model I-V loop hysteresis and relationship of charge and flux.In comparing of I-V characteristic hysteresis loop, as we can see in figure 18, it shows all hysteresis loops for all proposed window functions. By using corresponding parameter we can see the difference in each model. Joglekar window function seems to have a strong memristance compared to others.All models seem to be a good approximation of the measurement of the real memristor produces by HP Labs. But, Prodromakis me mristor model satisfies all the prerequisites and improves on the shortcomings of existing models.CUsersFadzDesktopresultall iv loop hysteresisiv hysteresis loop all.pngFigure 18 I-V Hysteresis Loop for all models.CUsersFadzDesktopresultdiff parameterprodromakis p=1, p=5, p=10.pngFigure 19 Prodromakis I-V Hysteresis Loop when p=1, p=5 and p=10.Then, we try change the parameter of p of the model. In this case, we use prodromakis memristor model and change the value of integer p=1, p=5 and p=10 to see the difference. As we can see in figure 19, as the value of p is increase, the hysteresis is shrinking. similar with changing the parameter p, figure 20 also confirm that the hysteresis shrinks at higher frequencies.CUsersFadzDesktopresultdiff frequency1hz-5hz.pngFigure 20 Prodromakis I-V Hysteresis Loop when frequency f=1Hz, f=2Hz and f=5Hz.In term of exponent dissipation, as we simulates our results. We can get the value of maximum IMEM for each model. We can calculate the indicant by using P=IV equation. Table 2 show the maximum index number dissipation for each memristor.MemristormodelMax IMEM, APower, WStrukov100A120WJoglekar300 A360WBiolek220A264WProdromakis180 A216WTable 2 IMEM and Power dissipation for all at the memristor.As in table 2, we can see that the Strukov model give lowest power which is 120W while Joglekar model give much higher power dissipation which is about 360W compared to the others. We also noticed that as the memristor model is improves, the power become lesser. Prodromakis give quite good power dissipation which is 216W as the best windows function and model as till now.In implementing memristor with analog circtuit, we pick a two simple analog circuit to be tested. Figure 21 shows the SPICE topology of the memristor based integrator op amplifier with the input voltage Vp-p=2.4V from -1.2V to 1.2V and C1=25F. Using the memristor model that we create earlier with various types of window functions, we see the difference on the simulat ed result on each model. The values for the memristor parameters are same for all model with uv, D, RON, ROFF and RINITIAL are 10-10cm2s-1V-1, 10nm, 100ohm, 16kohm and 11Kohm.memristor integrator op ampFigure 21 Memristor Implemented Integrator CircuitCUsersFadzDesktopresultintegrator+ve integrator .pngFigure 22 Positive Integrator simulationCUsersFadzDesktopresultintegrator-ve integrator .pngFigure 23 Negative Integrator simulationFigure 22 and 23 shows the simulation result for the implemented memristor integrator op amplifier for positive input and negative input respectively. In this case, we implement prodromakis memristor to the integrator circuit. As we know, the integrator acts like a storage element that produces avoltageoutput which is proportional to the integral of its input voltage with respect to time. The magnitude of the output signal is unconquerable by the length of time a voltage is present at its input as thecurrentthrough thefeedback loopcharges or set frees t hecapacitoras the requirednegative feedbackoccurs through the capacitor. For positive starting time input, we vary the voltage from 1.2V down to -1.2V and going back to 1.2V over time. When positive voltage are applied in the beginning, the output voltage tend to discharge and drop from 0V to negative voltage and charging back to 0V when the input voltage are drop to negative voltage. The output for negative voltage applied from starting point give a vice versa result. The charging and discharge are depends the voltage applied over time and the value of the capacitor. We can say the memristor models give quite good result for an integrator.Figure 24 Memristor Implemented discriminator Circuit.CUsersFadzDesktopresultdifferentiatordifferentiator.pngFigure 25 Saw tooth input of Memristor implemented differentiator op-amp simulation.Figure 25 shows the simulation result for the implemented memristor differentiator op amplifier. We are using prodromakis memristor model for the memristo r carrying out. As we know, for differentiator op-amp, the magnitude of its output is obstinate by the rate at which the voltage is applied to its input changes. The swift the input voltage changes, the greater the output voltage becomes. If a cut tooth input signal is applied to the input of the differentiator op-amp a substantial wave signal will be produced. As we can see in figure 25, the simulation shows a quite good result for differentiator. We also noticed some spikes at the output voltage. Each spikes occurs only occurs the brief moment the saw tooth is changing from one level to the next. The voltage spikes represent a temporary output voltage.ConclusionAs a conclusion to this research is that it could bring a new light of familiarization in the integration of memristive components in any kinds of electronic devices that are at nanoscale. It is useful to have a computer model of the memristor as a tool for the analysis of the behavior of the circuits in developing app lication of this memristor as passive circuit element via simulation. SPICE model will definitely help us to conduct interesting simulation experiments and can be of great importance for such a research in future while the memristor are still hard to fabricate to study the behavior of the circuit. Different models with strong behavior and reason give a lot of benefits in development purpose to create the possibilities of the implementation in an integrated circuit. The possibilities for implementation of the memristor with analog circuit are wide open.Appendix.SUBCKT memristor plus deduction PARAMS+ Ron=100 Roff=16K Rinit=11K D=10N uv=10F p=10************************************************ DIFFERENTIAL equality MODELING ************************************************Gx 0 x value= I(Emem)*uv*Ron/D**2*f(V(x),p)Cx x 0 1 IC=(Roff-Rinit)/(Roff-Ron)Raux x 0 1T* RESISTIVE PORT OF THE MEMRISTOR ************************************************Emem plus aux value=-I(Emem)*V(x)*(Roff-Ron)R off aux minus Roff************************************************Flux deliberation************************************************Eflux flux 0 value=SDT(V(plus,minus))************************************************Charge computation************************************************Echarge charge 0 value=SDT(I(Emem))************************************************ WINDOW FUNCTIONS* FOR NONLINEAR DRIFT MODELING *************************************************proposed by joglekar.func f(x,p)=1-(2*x-1)**(2*p)*proposed by biolek.func f(x,i)=1-(x-stp(-i))**(2*p)*proposed by prodromakis.func f(x,p)=1-(((x-0.5)**2)+0.75)**p*proposed by strukov.func f(x,p)=x-x*2.ENDS memristorAcknowledgmentThis paper participates in the IEEE Student Conference Research Development SCORED 2012. The reason would like to thank Dr. Wan Fazlida Hanim bte Abdullah for being supervisor in this final year project. The author also would like to thank Universiti Teknologi MARA for funding the research work through the Excellence Fund Grant 600-RMI/ST/DANA 5/3/RIF(360/2012).

Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) and Diabetes

Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) and DiabetesInsulin and AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK) signal pathways ar know to be involved in glucose phthisis regulation, still the integ dirty dogion of signals amongst these two pathways in maintaining glucose homeostasis remains mysterious (1). Insulin stimulates glucose use into skeletal pass mainly via the translocation of glucose header 4 (GLUT4) to the germ plasm membrane (2). Also the take up mechanism involved is not yet fully understood, however, in insulin-induced glucose transport cascade it seems that insulin activates specific protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms (2).In Liu L. Z. et al work, stimulation of insulin conferred a glucose intake or translocation of surface glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4).Using specific inhibitors to rudimentary kinases of both pathways and PKCzeta small meddlence RNA, it was found that protein kinase C zeta (PKCzeta) regulate insulin- affected protein kinase B (PKB) energizing and inhibit AMPK leg al action on dorsal jail prison cell surface, whereas in the front end of berberine, PKCzeta controlled AMPK activation and AMPK blocked PKB activity in perinuclear region. The inhibitory frame exerted by PKCzeta on AMPK activation or the arrestment of PKB activity by AMPK gloss over existed in basal condition. Overall, these results are suggestive for an antagonistic regulation amongst insulin and AMPK signal pathways, which is mediated by the switch habits of PKCzeta.The protein kinase Akt is associated with different cellular processes, including cell proliferation, offset, metabolism and importantly, insulin-regulated transport of glucose into vigor and fat cells. Activation of Akt involves binding of an extracellular ligand to its cognate tyrosine kinase receptor, which lead to activation of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and divisorration of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. This in turn enables the translocation of Akt to the blood germ plasm membrane where it is phosphorylated at Thr308 and Ser473 by PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1) and the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)/rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR) complex respectively. erst activated, Akt phosphorylates a range of substrates that regulate a variety of key biologic processes (3). There are several Akt isoforms, Akt1 function is mainly related to growth and proliferation. On the other hand, Akt2 is more involved in metabolism, and loss-of function mutations in Akt2 have been linked to Type 2 diabetes (3). Akt has been involved in the insulin-induced sort of GLUT1 in hepatoma cells and GLUT3 in skeletal muscle (4).Insulin-regulated transport of glucose into muscle and fat cells is thought to be mediated by Akt-dependent movement of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the plasma membrane (3). It was found after burning S. X. study that non-ATP-competitive allosteric Akt inhibitors in 3T3-L1 adipocytes caused a decrease in the Akt signalize pathway simultaneously with reduce d glucose uptake, notwithstanding, no such lessening in GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane was seen. This is explained by the point that minimal amount of Akt phosphorylation is prerequisite for robust GLUT4 translocation, thus a marked reduction in Akt phosphorylation may not necessarily translate into a similar reduction in GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane (3, 5). Additional investigating revealed that the inhibitory gists on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes of these compounds were breakaway of the Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, crushing of glucose transport was as hale noticed in other cell types such as human erythrocytes that are rich in GLUT1 and T-47D embrace cancer cells, proposing that these effects are not specific to GLUT4, and that the Akt inhibitors affect glucose uptake in different cell types (3).Alternatively, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signal transduction pathway is a well-known(a) mediator of cell growth, proliferatio n, and survival signals. Riley J. K. et al studied the Inhibition of the PI3K pathway, and results indicated that inhibition of this pathway cause an induction of apoptosis in both murine blastocysts and trophoblast stem cells. Moreover, the apoptosis induced correlates with a decrease in the grimace of the glucose transporter GLUT1 at the plasma membrane (6). Additionally, blastocysts cultured in the presence of the PI3K inhibitor LY-294002 exhibited a reduction in 2-deoxyglucose uptake and hexokinase activity.In rat primary winding brown adipocytes, insulin acutely stimulated glucose uptake in a PI3-kinase-dependent but p70S6-kinase-independent manner, and Akt represents an intermediate step between these kinases. Therefore, the goal of Hernandez R. et al study was to ask the contribution of Akt to insulin-induced glucose uptake in brown adipocytes victimisation ML-9, a belatedly proposed chemical inhibitor of Akt activity (7) and by using Akt protein with dominant-negative a ctivity to block (4). ML-9 preaching of primary brown adipocytes showed a complete inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and also impaired GLUT4 redistribution from internal membrane to plasma membrane in answer to insulin. It was found that ML-9 inhibited Akt activity and Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. Furthermore, results showed that long-term treatment with ML-9 produced down-regulation of the GLUT4 messenger RNA accumulation, inactivation of Akt, and possibly its translocation to the nucleus (8). Co-transfection with Akt prevented insulin stimulation of GLUT4 promoter activity, suggesting that PI3-kinase/Akt pathway is regulation GLUT4 gene organisation by insulin (4).It is well known that phosphatidylinositol (PI)3-kinase activation mediates GLUT4 redistribution to the plasma membrane, and over thoughtfulness of the catalytic subunit of p110 produced GLUT4 translocation and increased glucose uptake (9). Alternatively, inhibition of PI3-kinase (by chemical inhibito rs or by microinjection of blocking p85 protein, or by transfection with a dominant-negative mutant of p85) prohibits insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation (10).deuce classes of Ser/Thr kinases have been suggested to act downstream of PI3-kinase, and they are Akt/PKB and the atypical protein kinase (PK) C isoforms and (PKC /). It well established that structure of a constitutively active, membrane-bound form of Akt cause a glum localization of GLUT4 at the plasma membrane and increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, yet, it did not promote GLUT4 translocation or glucose transport in L6 myotube(4, 11).Despite the concomitant proved by in vivo studies that GLUT4 expression in insulin-responsive tissues is under insulin and/or metabolic control (12), experiments performed with cultured fat cells had failed to establish a stimulatory role of insulin in GLUT4 expression (13), and the positive effect of insulin seen on GLUT4 gene expression had only been noticed in the presence o f dexamethasone (14). Nevertheless, rat cardiomyocytes showed a direct effect of insulin on GLUT4 transcription (15).Different studies have pass that insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is separated from GLUT4 translocation based on using phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin .Therefore, it can be concluded that GLUT4 translocation and the intrinsic activity of GLUT4 are differentially regulated.Insulin is known to activate p38MAPK, and using SB203580 p38MAPK and p38MAPK inhibitors reduce insulin- stimulated glucose uptake without affecting GLUT4 translocation. p38MAPKs are serine/threonine kinases that are activated by several factors such as environmental stressors, instigative cytokines, protein synthesis inhibitors, growth factors like insulin and muscle contraction. It has four isoforms p38 and p38 that are ubiquitously expressed, p38 that is super expressed in skeletal muscle and p38 in the lung and kidney (16). Full activation of p38MAPK necessitates dual phospho rylation on residues corresponding to threonine-180 and tyrosine-182 on p38 catalyzed by dual-specificity MAPK kinases 3 and 6 (MKK3 and 6).p38MAPK inhibitors like pyridinyl imidazole derivatives (SB203580 and SB202190) or azaazulene pharmacophores (A291077 and A304000) have the potential to inhibit insulin-mediated glucose uptake without producing any effect on GLUT4 translocation. As a conclusion, insulin increases the intrinsic activity of GLUT4 via p38MAPK (16).Antonescu, C. N. et al aimed to determine whether p38MAPK is required for insulin- stimulated glucose uptake in L6-GLUT4myc myotubes using a mutant of p38 (DR-p38) resistant to SB203580, dominant-inhibitory mutants of p38 and p38 and siRNA against p38 and p38. The results obtained by these independent molecular methods to interfere with p38MAPK signaling did not interfere with stimulated glucose uptake. Nonetheless, SB220025 was found to inhibit p38MAPK as strongly as SB203580, but again, had no effect on insulin stimulat ed glucose uptake. So, collectively, it can anticipated that p38MAPK is not involved in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and that the SB203580-mediated reduction in glucose uptake is a result of SB203580 action on another(prenominal) protein (16).References1. Liu LZ, Cheung SC, Lan LL, Ho SK, Chan JC, Tong PC. The pivotal role of protein kinase C zeta (PKCzeta) in insulin- and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated glucose uptake in muscle cells. Cellular signalling. 201022(10)1513-22. Epub 2010/06/24.2. Braiman L, Alt A, Kuroki T, Ohba M, Bak A, Tennenbaum T, et al. Activation of protein kinase C zeta induces serine phosphorylation of VAMP2 in the GLUT4 compartment and increases glucose transport in skeletal muscle. molecular and cellular biology. 200121(22)7852-61. Epub 2001/10/18.3. Tan SX, Ng Y, James DE. Akt inhibitors reduce glucose uptake independently of their effects on Akt. The Biochemical journal. 2010432(1)191-7. Epub 2010/09/08.4. Hernandez R, Teruel T, Lorenzo M. Akt mediates insulin induction of glucose uptake and up-regulation of GLUT4 gene expression in brown adipocytes. FEBS letters. 2001494(3)225-31. Epub 2001/04/20.5. Ng Y, Ramm G, Burchfield JG, Coster AC, Stockli J, James DE. Cluster analysis of insulin action in adipocytes reveals a key role for Akt at the plasma membrane. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2010285(4)2245-57. Epub 2009/11/10.6. Riley JK, Carayannopoulos MO, Wyman AH, Chi M, Moley KH. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity is critical for glucose metabolism and embryo survival in murine blastocysts. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2006281(9)6010-9. Epub 2005/11/08.7. Smith U, Carvalho E, Mosialou E, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Rondinone C. PKB inhibition prevents the stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose transport and protein translocation but not the antilipolytic effect in rat adipocytes. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2000268(2)315-20. Epub 2000/02/19.8. Salinas M, Lopez-Valdaliso R , Martin D, Alvarez A, Cuadrado A. Inhibition of PKB/Akt1 by C2-ceramide involves activation of ceramide-activated protein phosphatase in PC12 cells. Molecular and cellular neurosciences. 200015(2)156-69. Epub 2000/02/16.9. Martin SS, Haruta T, Morris AJ, Klippel A, Williams LT, Olefsky JM. Activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is sufficient to mediate actin rearrangement and GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The Journal of biological chemistry. 1996271(30)17605-8. Epub 1996/07/26.10. Cheatham B, Vlahos CJ, Cheatham L, Wang L, Blenis J, Kahn CR. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation is required for insulin stimulation of pp70 S6 kinase, DNA synthesis, and glucose transporter translocation. Molecular and cellular biology. 199414(7)4902-11. Epub 1994/07/01.11. Kohn AD, Summers SA, Birnbaum MJ, Roth RA. Expression of a constitutively active Akt Ser/Thr kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes stimulates glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 translocation. The Journal of biological c hemistry. 1996271(49)31372-8. Epub 1996/12/06.12. Berger J, Biswas C, Vicario PP, Strout HV, Saperstein R, Pilch PF. Decreased expression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter in diabetes and fasting. Nature. 1989340(6228)70-2. Epub 1989/07/06.13. Flores-Riveros JR, McLenithan JC, Ezaki O, Lane MD. Insulin down-regulates expression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene effects on transcription and mRNA turnover. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 199390(2)512-6. Epub 1993/01/15.14. Hajduch E, Hainault I, Meunier C, Jardel C, Hainque B, Guerre-Millo M, et al. Regulation of glucose transporters in cultured rat adipocytes synergistic effect of insulin and dexamethasone on GLUT4 gene expression through promoter activation. Endocrinology. 1995136(11)4782-9. Epub 1995/11/01.15. Petersen S, Bahr M, Eckel J. Insulin-dependent regulation of Glut4 gene expression in ventricular cardiomyocytes evidence for a direct effe ct on Glut4 transcription. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 1995213(2)533-40. Epub 1995/08/15.16. Antonescu CN, Huang C, Niu W, Liu Z, Eyers PA, Heidenreich KA, et al. Reduction of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by the protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 is independent of p38MAPK activity. Endocrinology. 2005146(9)3773-81. Epub 2005/06/11.

The Theory Of Media Richness

The Theory Of Media birth rateTo utilely communicate, we must realize that we are any different in a port we perceive the world and white plague this understanding as a guide to our conversation with others. Anthony Robbins. Electronic mail is a order of exchanging digital message from accuseer to receiver. netmail plays an definitive role in business today and has become a basic necessity in any organization just give care paper and ink. It is been used by many as an all-encompassing collaboration platform than a unsubdivided talks scratch. According to P.K McBride (2006), World Wide Web is an ever- growing grammatical construction of internet with billions of web pages. Workers are given unrestricted access to the Web, allowing them to fill out their protest research. It provide facility to copy, reply or ship messages like document and graphical files to the dischargeer or to the third party. Effective impartation of messages and informations within the organ ization and between top managers and employees is really essential for the approach of company.Email is the most commonly used electronic messaging service. Smart ring which includes e-mail as basic feature has increased accessibility of electronic mail. It influence spry engineering, email has a major trespass on business, marketing, medical bailiwick and banking. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate Email as communication tool in personal and organisational level. However, this essay firstly define email and its use in organization along with different use of theories for email communications and which includeInformation overloadSocial cuesMedia richness hypothesisCritical companionable theoryControlling effectFrom above all the theories, Media Richness Theory is the most effectual for business communication as it deals with symbol carrying capacity which refers to face-to-face communication and which is a must for any organization to success and build relationships . This essay focuses on battalion lieu towards communications and its implementations in work place with respect to Media Richness theory. analyze explains employees use of email and agile communication for their personal and organizations purpose and how ready reckoner-Media communication theory plays an important role in it. reinforcements and disadvantages of the theory are specified with caseful of BlackBerry and Android. In the end, my own experience of use of vigorous email communication is explained in relation to my personal email diary gear up in the appendix.Implementation of theory and Email communication.Communication alleviates coordinate and efficacious control egressing in clear understanding, good production and healthy temper for cooperation among the various levels. Both for personal as well as organizational use, email have become a part of our everyday lives from communicating with friends, for new job application. Most services on internet whether its mixer networking or professional ask for email address in the beginning utilize their service. According to Mullins (2010 230), Email has some emotions woven creatively to encapsulate feelings with signs and symbols. It has many advantages like free communication between favorable groups and in organization which involves communication with employees, clients as well as potential customers. Email dish up maintain discs and archive of business transaction, rechecking past information, file repository, contracts which could be recovered later. It help have a record of your clients infobase and act as a address books which has all the important contacts that could be conveniently retrieved anytime. The takeout gad go fars like runny phones and laptops are able to practice and receive emails and help manage your business even if you are travelling or in another part of the world.The communication tool for evaluating email could be stovepipe explained by Media Richness The ory by Richard L. Daft and Robert H. Lengel. According to them it is a frame work to describe a communications medium by its ability to reproduce the information sent over it. It helps understand the impact of different communication media type on message and help centralise ambiguity of communication through proper selection of communication media. It comes from Com disgorgeer -Media Communication (CMC) and is often associated with business communication by Newburry (2001). Sitkin, Sutcliffe and Barios-Choplin (1992) embed data carrying capacity and symbol carrying capacity to carry information. personal communication would be characterized as rich media while modern information technology such as email could be classified as lean media.It deals with indwelling communication within an organization context. The theory got upgraded to email and it was considered as a good way of communication in organization. Silverstone in the beginning of the 90s Zhao 2005, put forward concept of Domestication of Technology Theory which deals with how technology chooses integrated in people daily life and its impact on social environment where as in other hand it deals with communication in business and it is based on contingency theory and information touch theory. E.g. if a manager need to remind its employees about an upcoming encounter then which communication medium should be used to inform and send the message face-to-face, telephone, memo or electronic mail? Such communication choice in organization varies from its level of ambiguity.Employee shag be updated and get connected to top management through emails, and can also get latest news reports and this could be obtained by effective use of this Theory. strait-laced training and guidance is very much essential for introducing new technology at work place for obtaining complete employee involvement in the organization. An employee can obtain many different types of mails such as personal emails, mad mails f rom friends and relatives, social emails involving some event or activities, professional mails with job interviews, notifications of ads etc Face-to-face communication medium is the richest one followed by email, telephone, memos and letters (Rice and Shook 1990).Advantage of Media Richness TheoryAbility to reproduce information.Sender chooses a communication medium.Reduces uncertainty and equivocality.Help improve employees performance.Disadvantages of Media Richness TheoryChoice of media is through with(p) by assumption of rational decision making.Actual use of media and social influence is not reflected.Ignores use of symbolism in communication.Theory is devised before the widespread use and developments of email.Mobile users like to get their mails in their mobile tresss and which launched the mobile email solution with BlackBerry. The handheld device helps receive and send mails wherever they are and help die hard employee connected and could give quick feedback as soon as possible. Another exercising is the Android operating(a) System in modern mobile system which provides users to do set off of operations as it can run multiple applications at the analogous time, multitasking and is more fluid than other cell phones.Mobile email allows composing, forward and responding to emails exactly in the same way as on a personal computer. With the fast spread of mobile email, it is getting integrated in our social and work life as it has potential to impact the way employees use email and work together. Mobile email is now decorous an important tool for mobile workers for effective communication, coordination, collaboration and to handle interwoven situations on move hence resulting in improved relationship with customer, co-workers and supervisors. by and by critically analyzing my own email for a week, I have found that the use of mobile email device for communication has some advantages as well as some disadvantages. In my survey, I have authentic m ails from social network sites, personal mails, job vacancies and notifications. Mobile email help keeps me connected with the world and help to be updated I could check my mails on a move and even reply to some important mails. For object lesson there are situations when I receive irrelevant mails like advertisements and throw out mails and I read them thinking its important and hence waste my own time. When I am on move and expect some important mails to arrive and then battery dies or I misplace my phone then it can give rise to major problem. Devices could be intimately broken or misplaced and could also create privacy attack towards personal and organizational security. It makes a person so dependent towards it that people spend less time with family and friends. The one main disadvantage of mobile mail device is it has a negative health effect and which a major problem in todays busy life.ConclusionCommunication is very essential for any organization to build relationship and for its success. The use of mobile device for email is been adopted by people for personal as well as for organizational purpose. It helps receive mails even when they are on outside their homes or organization. From the critical evaluation, Media Richness Theory is the most effective theory to understand the value of mobile email devices as an effective tool for communication. This theory help organization to select appropriate communication media to communicate with its employees and to stay connected through mobile email devices and an example of such a device is BlackBerry and Android which help send and receive mails at anytime and anywhere. Mobile mailing helps keep a record of their daily activity and also maintains database which enable them to communicate with people no matter where they are. The Human Resource professionals play supportive role in achieving organisations goals by making employees and technology join together for effective result in work place.The intr oduction of new technology help shape up productivity of work, develop new product and services, innovative thinking and genuine method of communication between colleagues and customers. Mobile communication acceptance device in an organization depends on its management and employees and how well they get sundry(a) with technology and its usage. The devices has many advantages like instant mail alert, help stay connected while move and having peoples record and ease of communication where as the disadvantage include lack of social participation and privacy factor. The use of new technology like mobile email for communication in relation to Media Richness Theory is now reaching its heights and is been adopted by organization for its employees personal and professional use.

Study Of The Leadership Of Adolf Hitler

Study Of The leaders Of Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler was born on 20th April 1889, in the small Austrian town of Braunau. When the human being War I began in 1914, Hitler volunteered to join the German military. He was given a medal for intrepidity but he never had the chance to climb any rank. In 1920, Hitler joined the National Socialist German Workers P fine arty, which was known as the Nazis. Hitler became loss leader of the Nazi regiony by using his cracking speaking efficiency. In the thirty-something depression Germany had to pay an in time hugeer debt, which was coming for the World War I. Hitler did non agreed to pay the debt and stated that the Jews and Communists were the cause for Germanys chastise in World War I. He ensured that his party was going to clear rid of Jews and Communists and that he was going to reunite the German speaking part of atomic number 63. In 1932, the Nazis party got nearly 40% in the elections and became the strongest party in Germany, s o in 1933 Hitler was ap consigned as the Chancellor of Germany. Under Hitlers goernment, cal conduct the ordinal Reich, Hitler used widespread propaganda to brainwash and manipulate the nation into accepting his surmisal about creating the perfect Aryan race. In 1939 when the World War II began, Hitler invaded into Poland in effectuate to unify as he promised all communicative peoples. By this time extermination camps were being established finishedout Germany, Poland, and Russia. When Hitlers envision did not worked out, he committed suicide on April 30,1945 1.2. Leadership Traits2.1 Charisma-Passion-VisionHitlers personal appeal was the key to the whole success of National-Socialism, which he was supporting and valued to tip over through the people of Germany. Hitler obtained this charismatic altitude partially because of his political skills and appeal.The enable factor, which was supporting Hitler accomplishing almost every task he had, was his surprising limpidity of vision. He had great ideas for Germany, to be bigger, better and purer than ever but in like manner he was driven by his ego to take over the world, which was not as pure as he wanted Germany to be.Hitler was revealing his mania through his speeches. He knew that by arriving late at the seemlying point would develop tension among the audience and make them expecting him. When he was arriving at the copious point he was standing wariness and was waiting for every atomic number 53 to release talking so as to make believe total silence and therefore to start. His moves and gestures were so forceful. He was walking from side to side at the period and he was gesturing with his hands and the tone of his voice was loud and passionate. He was sudor his face was attainting white, his eyes were bulged and his voice was full of emotion. He was yelling about the unfairnesss and prejudices done to Germany and he was making his audience to be full of hate and jealousy. So by the end of his speech the crowd was in a condition near to madness and was willing to do everything Hitler was implying.2.2 decisivenessHitlers determination and tremendous tenacity of purpose were two characteristics, which described him through his governance. He was a man who was striving for power and command. In order to substantiate the power to be the commanding officer of Germany and conquer the whole world, he managed to climb all the way up from being a dim-witted soldier in the front line to become the chancellor of Germany and the commander of a enormous army. This fact indicates his great will and cap skill to meet his objectives and to achieve whatever he sought.2.3 IntegrityDespite the fact that Hitler was a great leader he had no sense of logical thinking. Hitlers lack of ethical reasoning and social intelligence goes back to his low self-aw arness, empathy and beguile in otherwises. He was unethical in thoughts and actions, taking advantage of situations, which his pursuit were in, in the most vicious approach to reach his goals. By manipulating his army to put Jews into extermination camps, is the biggest example not only of his immoral and stiff character but also his twisted mind.2.4 ConfidenceHitler was greatly confident of his own abilities. His rise in the hierarchy scale, his influential speeches, the fact that he managed to get Germany back from the edge of sparing disaster, the battles which he was making in crucial places or in critical time periods are facts which are showing the huge take aims of confidence that Hitler had.2.5 SociabilityIn terms of Hitlers way towards his secretaries and the people who worked with him closely, Hitler was, surprisingly enough, the more thoughtful boss. In fact, the fuehrer was adored by those who worked closest with him. His secretaries never became maddened by any kind of effrontery or lack of indulgence towards them. Hitler knew their names and birthdays, he was visiting them when they wer e ill, and they repaid him with sprightliness loyalty, even after his crimes became generally known.2.6 IntelligenceHitlers intelligence is indisputable. He managed to get Germany back from the edge of economic disaster and made them flourishing again, from a beaten country to a world power in retributive a few years. The fact that Hitler came from a front-line soldier to the fuehrer shows not only, as it was aforementioned, his great will and capability to meet his objectives but also his great mind sharpness since he was able to manipulate, even brainwashed a whole nation in order to do that.3. Leadership expression3.1 Task orientedHitler was a high task oriented leader. He had clear vision and knowledge of the path for discharge his strategy so he is the one who directed his people in an attempt to execute his vision. He wanted to monitor everything and retain control of every task, which was about to be executed. He never blamed himself for his failure but the other which in his case was Germany as a whole.3.2 Relationship orientedIn terms of Hitlers relationship orientation we can mention that he had very good interpersonal relations with those who worked closest with him. He knew personal inside information for them, fact which shows that he was interested in them and in their personal psychological health. He was visiting them when they were ill fact, which shows that he was interested about their strong-arm health.So we can say that Hitler had good leader-member relations, his task orientation was high, and finally, his stake power is strong, since he had all the authorities of the country. Consequently, Adolf Hitler appears to be a Task-Oriented Leader.3.3 TransformationalTransformational leading is a type of leadhip style that leads to positive changes in those who follow. Transformational leaders are generally energetic, enthusiastic and passionate. Not only are these leaders concerned and involved in the process they are also concentrate o n helping every member of the group succeed as well2.Transformational leaders engage in intellectual stimulation and inspi demythologised motivation. As far as intellectual stimulation is concerned, Hitler was visionary wanted for Germany to be the first power and for him to conquer the world. As far as inspi quick of scent motivation is concerned, Hitler strived to be different in order to become the great world leader and had the proper for him plans and tactics on how to achieve his goals.In order to have their country standing again to their feet Hitler appealed to the values and morals of the German people. Despite the fact that the need for resurrection in Germanys economy was open we can say that Hitler instead of fulfilling his pursuit higher mental needs and aspirations he was fulfilling his own needs. He was a dominant, magnetic leader that would mayhap fit the characterization of a pseudo-transformational leader, because a leader satisfys the needs of his followers an d their well being but Hitler did not do that.4. StrategyAdolf Hitler was a very good strategist. The main point of Hitlers strategy was the accumulation of living space (Living space) for the Germanic race 3. Citing the Treaty of Versailles suffocating indemnities and exploiting the public nervousness of the 1930s economic lack of money, he declared that the German borders were too limit to secure their suitable position in the geo-political world relations, and that he wanted regions similar to the (British and French) colonies to secure enough economic resources to assure Germanys position as a major power 4.The planned strategy to realize these goals was a series of quite short wars, to defeat one opponent at a time, and thus securing more land step by step. These wars were to be intertwined with periods of peace when the German army could re-supply and amass force for the next war. As the time was passing by his strategy was based on paranoia and evil logic. Despite that, his inland territory remained very strong and indisputable. Afterwards, he enjoin a constant bombing in Britain despite the strategic cost and failures. In the final stages of the war, his actions and orders were getting more and more mad instead than any attempt to have a rational strategy.5. Authentic LeadershipIn my opinion Adolf Hitler was not an authentic leader. That is because, firstly, he promised he would help revive Germany however, he did not say that he would take over most of Europe doing so. Secondly, in order to be authentic one must has self-awareness, to know not only his strengthens but also his weaknesses, an ability that he lacked. And thirdly, the most of the times, his feeling for conquering Europe, be the winner and the Fuehrer was overshadowing his rational thinking, which at the end brought the fall of his empire.6. Leadership LevelKouzes and Pousner believe that hard-hitting leaders engage in five practices model the way, inspire a shared vision, challenge the process, enable others to act, and encourage the heart (1995). These practices and other leadership concepts provide a means of shaping a model leader. intelligence that sound leaders will also hold individual leadership traits, defining the term in a general sense is a challenge. For the purpose of our chapter, we will define effective leadership as the art of mobilizing others to want to struggle for shared aspirations (Kouzes Posner, 1995, p. 30)5.In my opinion, Hitler, is considered to be a level four, Effective leader, as he was able to maintain a eggwhisk view just before the end of the war. He was setting the directions and he was effectiveness and inspiration oriented. He was developing a high surgical procedure culture so as his army to be able to have the desired results.Although Hitler did had the professional will, a person who wants to conquer is not even close to personal humility, so he could never be at level five, Executive.7. Action LogicAdolf Hitler follow s the strategist action logic. In their analytic thinking of action logics, Rooke and Torbert (2005) identify two characteristics of the strategist action logic. Firstly, strategists generate organisational and personal transformations and secondly, they exercise the power of mutual inquiry, alertness and vulnerability for two the short and long term. Additionally, a strategist is considered to be very effective as a transformational leader that is a pseudo-transformational leader in this case.Accordingly, Hitler focuses on building a long-term strategy that is first to revive Germany from its economic ruins and then to have the proper battle in order to have under his command all the Europe. Moreover, a large percentage of his attention lies on giving inspiring speeches to his people in order to apply them in tense and under his mental control. Another strength of Hitlers is his ability to climbing through the scales of hierarchy in his personal life, which in revoke he transfe rred it to its leadership and managed to have Germany a major power in few years.8. EvaluationClosing, in my opinion, we conclude that there is no conjunction between Hitlers leadership style and the strategic needs of Germany. He only when focused on his own selfish goals for taking whole Europe under his control, instead of the needs of his people. He took things too personally overshadowing his rational thinking so he had intense rivalry with the rest of the world. loving was so important for him that he would do anything to achieve it. These aspects of his character led him into madness and paranoia and at the end was the factor that took him down to the distraction.

A Case Study Of Turner Hotel Tourism Essay

A Case Study Of food turner Hotel crackism Essay anterior desk melodic phrase of either hotel is truly important from hotel gross gross revenue enhancement point of beguile. Marketing and sales department is c wholeed revenue generator. Front desk credit line is part of the food marketing department so its directly linked with revenue generation activities of a hotel. An employee working as foregoing desk employee is having direct fundamental interaction with the clients. So it give ways very(prenominal) important for that employee to bewilder alone the chief characteristics of a great sales person. A bang-up sales person evoke commute commencement ceremony time lymph node in to repeat line of furrow of descent client by make him or happy and achieve customer satisfaction. This is the hospitality and customer take alto guideher that mountain be kept in mind eon handling customers at front desk that provide get hold of customer satisfaction. Desired h ospitality and less cumbersome process of figure in and checkout will bring customer satisfaction. Working as a Front office man get on withr or staff, first of either he or she should consider the operational resources of the hotel concerned which fate to be foc engrossd to the materialization of the business.Good salesmanship is every last(predicate) about deal outing feature product with acceptance of the customers. Whatever product one have, a good salesperson will sale that product and make feel to the customers that this is the practiced product he/she was savoring for. This is simply note of a sales person that he or she will find out the figure of a customer while conversation and offer the product that in callable within the budget feel to the customer. succession conversation it is the timberland of a salesperson to explain the facilities of the product to the customer that will again prevail feel of the right product customer was feeling for. ( Abbott, P and Lewry, S (1999))Customer relationship management is new concept in the dramatic art of each business. So it is the whole tone of a good salesmanship that helps in telling implementation and management of customer relationship in the hotel st markgy of rules. In this emulous world getting new business, is a big challenge, so hotel organization believes in repeated business from the a identical(p) clientele. With the help of knowledge and ingenuity in work of a salesperson-customer relationship is possible. These days it is being managed by ecommerce so knowledge of ecommerce to the front desk employee peck be added quality of a good salesmanship and it will bring the business from existing clientele.If an organization utilizes the available resources properly, Implementation of hark back management will make major changes in the hotel. It will bring maximum market sh ars of the city concerned. Guest bangingly al focal points looks for the comfortable stay and the l uxury facilities for their money. It is the quality that ever so speaks wear out than any new(prenominal) advertisement. So if front desk employee gives proper feedback to the hotel, hotel can maintains the quality towards the tariff and the interiors which will bring the maximum revenue within a short period. So it is the benefits of the good salesmanship. So as conclusion impinge ond would like to say that good salesmanship is very important while playing avocation of front office department of hotel diligence beca pulmonary tuberculosis it helps hotel not plainly to get good business but maintaining relationship with customers and feedback to the hotel for up footprint of its quality of product and services as soundly.Q.1 (2) Explain, with examples what selling techniques you might use when checking in a guest.Overall selling technique depends upon salesmanship and conformation of guest but in general a front desk person has to founder his or her selling clevernesss griping in mind normal mathematical process of check in. Selling techniques for checking guest is no affaire but a quality of good salesperson. A salesperson should be very friendly and sympathize with to the guest so that customer will be satisfied. Sales person should use up sell technique first while explaining hurt of the available suite, followed by prestigious pricing and cut rate pricing. along with this salesperson should explain how brilliant the facilities argon within the room to dislodge the wrong of the room.There may be a shimmy that same room can be sold at divergent conditions. It is the duty of a good salesperson to find out the train of inclination of the customer for the product he or she is request for and charge price accordingly. During heavy demand of the accommodation it totally depends upon front desk employee-salesperson to maximize the yield of accommodation by selling the same product at different prices as per the customer profile and need . Being a good salesman a front office employee can suggest confused pricing techniques-top trim down pricing, prestigious pricing, cut rate pricing etc, to the hotel to maximize its yield. So it is the quality of a salesperson to chance on and recognize the level of demand and efficacy of a customer to pay for the same accommodation and fixed the price accordingly. (Abbott, P and Lewry, S (1999))For example if at that rig is arriver of guest first of all front desk person should handle the guest with friendly approach, asking for the genial of room he/she is looking for then explain the kind of room available with its pricing. First of all salesperson should try to sell the room at higher price than depending upon the negotiation skill of the salesperson and the budget of customer price can be prestigious or if required and supported by the market moveiment it can be cut rate price be fixed. After this negotiation skill guest should be registered and room should be assign ed promptly. As per the feature if needed guest will be assisted in end registration process. Then on that point will be verification of mode of allowance to be made by the guest-whether cheque, cash in, broadsheet or allowance by company etc. and then guest will be escorted to the roomQ.2. Discuss the type of check in system that you would conceive to see at the turner Hotel.Hotel turner is a big drawstring of Hotel with 297 suite hotel located in Central London. It is part of a well reputed meeting of hotels with 12 hotels running successfully in London and some early(a) major European cities. 42% of its clientele is corporate. Only 8% and 14% amount to walk-ins and leisure guests respectively. For this type of hotel, front office system should enable reception staff to make sure of care record of all qualifications, position of accommodations, detailed about guests and amount billed and received as well. Hotel turner would in like manner require a system that s hould bear elbow room to communicate with all travel agents and activity operators linked to the online reservation system. cordial reception management systems argon the applications/ modules that smoothens a hospitality business. From the room service system in a restaurant, to online reservation and an easy and fast check in procedure, it enables efficient communication and management of operation, eventually growing business and revenue. (www.wikianswers.com) features that Hotel turner should possessed are includesDate wise arrival and departure reports. expound of reservation and Guest ledger which should contains notes on redundant(a) activities etc.Feature should make sure the availability of printers to print the guest cards to provide to guest.Provision to arrange different room to the guest.There should be a perfect system to integrate the bill of different department like-restaurants, spa, award shop, etc.While check out all the possible payment option should offer to the guest so that inconvenience could be avoided.Hotel Turner should have a system that can be efficiently utilize for online reservation system. This type of software package is essential as per the hotels cancellation and tackle policy.Q.3how would the check in procedures differ when dealing with?(a) A guest with a reservationUsually guest check in procedure for silent guest and chance guest is same except for slight variations. hold up in procedures for a guest with a reservation will be as followsReceive the guest with a smile, and greet according to the time. interpret if he/she is holding reservationGet the guest registration card and overeat it up with all the necessary and required details of the guest. engage up the describe and the welcome cardIf the guest is a foreigner, get the C form and fill it up.Allot the accommodationFill the arrival registerPreparation of culture slips and then the same has to be sent to the different departments like telephones, room ser vice and hold etc. spread out guest folioIn field of VIP,etc. inform all the departmentsPre-registration as well involves room and rate assignment and creation of guest folio asunder from producing registration card.There are many steps of registration process, because its teensy-weensy differs from hotel to hotel but mainly these are the six steps common to all the hotelsCourse of action that is to be do before registration.Formality of make registration record.Offering the room.Then payment options could offer and fixed as per the convenience of the guest.Once above has been done then room key can be given.(b) A chance guestIn the berth when guest is a chance guest the process of check in would almost be same except some personas. Like as guest is a chance guest so there will be no earlier reservation done for the guest so in this sequel first of all as process front desk person should check for availability of rooms and there will be efforts to create room for him or he r. Rest of the process like fill up the key and allotting the accommodation escorting till the room will be similar. There may be a case that in case of a chance guest a front desk employee has to utilize his or her negotiation skill for the price of the room as per the level of need of the room by the guest. This is the skill of the employee to materialize the opportunities then and there. So overall the difference in check in procedures for a guest with a reservation and a chance guest is not much- the only thing is role of a front desk person becomes very important because while negotiation and first interaction a materialization of an opportunity can happen.Q.4. Explain the necessity of over meshing and its legal implications in relation to Turner Hotel.The term over mesh is concerned with a situation which shows booking of the room have done excessively than the actual available room with the hotel. In general hotel does this because of reaching 100% occupancies. Hotel books o ver rooms than the available one with historic cultivation and trend which includes un anticipate cancellation. It is the synonyms of over commitment and oversold.No show has been a major cause of concern for the hotels all over the world. It amounts to major mischief of revenue. However, no-shows and the ahead of time departures of the guests unflurried continue to cost hotel money. Although reservation guarantee by dint of the credit cards compensates hotels for only one nights stay in the case of a no-show, but the hotel still needs to recover for a injustice of revenue incase that no-show guest had a multiple-night reservation. (http//www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals)Because of this panorama of no-shows and early departures, the hotel turner essential unavoidably engage in some level of overbooking to help ensure that those potentially unsold rooms are filled. As we all know, hoteliers who occasionally overbook might have to walk guests once hotel is full. (http//www.en trepreneur.com/tradejournals)Overbooking is very important element of the yield management. everydayly hotels overbook to create backup of cancellations and no-shows. It is a kind of compensating the unexpected loss of the hotel. For this very reason, it is mandatory to forecast cancellations and no-shows. inefficient overbooking generally results in unsold and unutilized inventory (rooms) while on the new(prenominal) hand excessive overbooking results in penalty cost which includes both the pecuniary and prospective loss of the future revenue from the same customer and otherwises imputable to customer dissatisfaction and the subsequent bad word of mouth. The optimal level of overbooking is where the pass judgment cost of overbooking for the next unit to be sold is equal to the expected marginal revenue from that unit. (http//www.decisioncraft.com/dmdirect/revenue_management.htm)While the hotel pains attempts to portray overbooking as an scotch necessity and legitimizes the process by attempts to provide guests with alternative accommodations, the hotels have failed to court the true effect and implicit costs association with the practice. Primarily because it is unexpended to the non-homogeneous(prenominal) state authoritys to regulate the industry. (http//legaldefinition.us)As far as Turner Hotel is concerned from the view point of overbooking, it is advisable not to go for overbooking because there will be breach of contract between hotel and its guests. But from the view point of business and maximizing revenue, it the only way to proceed slim aggressively to achieve 100% job. This is because after introduce booking there is chances of cancellation of reservation as well, even if payment has been made in advance hotel organization has to bear loss for the foregone opportunities in case of booking not done. So keeping in mind these things and profit maximisation it can be done equal to the normal trend of cancellation. Hotel Turner must find a room for everyone who has a reservation and shows up on time to save themselves from any legal complications.Q.5 a) Explain the benefits to a hotel of judge throng bookings?Group booking is simply acceptance of bulge business. In conference bookings both the parties-customers as well as hotel can be benefitted. Customer gets benefit of low rates of the rooms due to the peck booking and on the other hand hotel gets bulk business at a time so even at a less room cost per person hotel welcomes this kind of deal to get instant business and achieves its 100% occupancies.A meeting reservation is for a block of rooms in a hotel. The block of rooms can be for a convention, a meeting, a special event, a tour assemblage (as in present case of hotel turner), or various other reasons. A group reservation can be as teeny-weeny as 5 rooms to thousand rooms depending on the surface of it of it of the hotel. Usually every hotel has different norms and parameters for considering a book ing as group booking, which generally depends on the number of rooms booked. By booking rooms in large quantities, the group receives a lower rate. Hotel is benefitted in this as they get business in bulk and their occupancy percentage improvers enceinte them a agonistical edge over their competitors. Group booking in like manner makes the reservation process easy and hassle free for both the guest as well as the front office associates. Usually when a group reservation is made a code is generated which is specific to that group and each reservation should include this code. To ensure that reservations get coded to the proper group and that correct rates are offered, the person taking the reservation should always inquire if the guest is part of that particular group.Bulk booking is safe to the hotel that is similar to any other business organization where organization gets benefits of bulk business. It is the deal that gives instant cash but per head cost becomes cheaper for the customer and organization both. But from organization point of view it is the instant cash that attracts bulk business and so to the hotel organizations.Other benefit of bulk booking is that there will be less chances of cancellation. In case of individual business if there is cancellation of the booking it is completely loss to the hotel organization. Buta chance of this kind of loss due to cancellation is very less because of concrete plan of the completed group. In group bookings even if one or two persons are not coming there will be almost no impact to the business because of the compact deal for the entire group-this may depends upon case to case, bulk booking is definitely good for the hotel organization.Q.5 b) what factors should the turner Hotel Front representation manager consider when deciding whether to accept the reservation request from wood shavings Tours?Group revenue management is evolving quickly. Revenue managers typically set guidelines for size and rate objectives based upon projected demand for higher valued brief demand. These criterions should be regularly reviewed and revised in hotel Turner. Even if a group request falls outside the preset parameters of the hotel, managers should still evaluate the request. (http//tutor2u.net/ political economy/revision-notes/a2-micro-price-discrimination.html)The basic objective of revenue management is to maximize yields. Acceptance of group bookings would be a great contribution towards achieving the basic objective of revenue management. So first of all Front office Manager of turner hotel should consider the objective of maximizing revenue of the hotel so keeping in mind this objective he or she should accept the offered group bookings.While deciding whether to accept the reservation request of 40 double occupancy rooms for 3 nights 4 days from Excelsior Tours, Hotel Turner should look into the room rate, which is currently GBP 300 on single occupancy.Among the major advances in Revenue Management technology is the incorporation of demand price- responsiveness for any property at any time period and for any market surgical incision, including group. Other than the group being considered, front office manager must consider that this hotel might only have transient demand for these tierce days. Assuming that even if the forecasted demand shows that hotel can pick up one hundred forty-five transient rooms each day at an average rate of GBP 320, which would give the 95% occupancy. Considering these assumed factors we can plot a line that shows incremental contribution at any given price point. From this alleged(a) analysis, one can see that there will be transgress even (no profit no loss situation) with the group at a GBP 230 rate, and that one could generate an incremental contribution. This approach says all about the factors of accepting a group at a requested rate.Some much information is required to decide whether group booking should be accept or not? This information is present occupancy level of the hotel. This information would have very helpful in deciding the acceptance of the deal.BIBLIOGRAPHYAbbott, P and lewry ,S (2002). Front Office Procedure, Social Skill, Yield and Management ,2nd edition , Burlington ElsevierHotel Front Office ManagementBy James A. BardiHotel Management and Operations by Michael J. OFallon, Denney G. Rutherford,International Encyclopedia of hospitality Management by Abraham PizamRobert. J, (1993), Marketing for the Hospitality Industry,kent,hodder Stoughton ltd.The Cornell School of Hotel Administration Handbook of Applied Hospitality Strategy by Cathy A. Enz, Sage 2010Verginis, S. and c. wood R. (2002) Accommodation management perspective for the international hotel industry , London (U.K) ThomasYeomand, I and ingold,A (1997) Yield Management Strategies for the service industries,great Britain.http//tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2-micro-price-discrimination.html) chafeed on 27/11/2010http//www.e ntrepreneur.com/tradejournals) accessed on 02/01/2011www.wikianswers.com)accessed on 2/01/2011 dwelling house KEEPING hesitancy Part BQuestion No. (1) Role, duties and importance of maintain department. theatre of operationskeeping department is the most important part of any hotel. Housekeeping is responsible for maintaining the tastefulliness, maintenance and the up keeping of all the rooms and the common vault of heavens in a hotel. No one wants to live in a hotel which is dirty hence this lock has great importance for generating business. Since the hotel industry is highly competitive hence excellent service and cleanliness has an ever lasting impact on the guests and determines whether they will come again. Housekeeping aims to keep the hotel clean and comfortable so that the guests keep coming back again and again. M.N.Ahmed (2005)A hotel guest spends about one third of his stay in the room. The form and layout of the room and the furniture in the room is very importan t in comfortable stay and a good impression. Cleanliness of the room, linen paper, room supplies, comfortable litter etc. are the main functions of the department. Besides the room housekeeping overly has to look after the other area like bathrooms and toilets, stairways, common rooms, patterned arrangements, laundries and dry cleaning, maintaining gardens, hotel walls and boundaries and other public areas. Medlik Ingram (1980)The layout of the housekeeping department varies from hotel to hotel and it depends on the size and physical space. It withal depends on the anticipated business. The largest workforce of the hotel belongs to the housekeeping department. The housekeeping department can have the following staff depending on the size of hotel, executive housekeeper, assistant housekeeper, uniform room supervisor, uniform room attendants, helpers, linen room supervisor, linen room attendant, floor supervisor, public area supervisor, administrator HousekeepersAssistant Housek eepersLinen keeperFloristFloor HousekeepersAssistantsLinen maidsHouse portersValetsRoom maidsStaff maidsCleanerswww.city-of-hotels.comexecutive Housekeeper manages the entire housekeeping function of a hotel. This is a very responsible position. An executive housekeeper has to cooperate with other department heads hence the person must have a good rapport within the organization and must possess good organizing skills. An executive housekeeper must have an eye for detail and be committed to the various training and development needs of the people working under him. www.city-of-hotels.comThe various duties that an executive housekeeper needs to perform areResponsible for cleanliness and appearance of hotel rooms and common areas in the hotel. Neat and clean appearance of employees, facilities, corridors, linen, shopping area, gardens and the area outside of the hotels.Hiring and training of the employees. Maintaining discipline among the employees and motivating the employees so that they perform their job well. Having a good knowledge of labour relations so that the employees do not overburden with work as per the regulations. Proper training of the employees so that they follow all the guidelines and give the best service to the customers.Executive housekeeper is besides responsible for developing the model procedures which has to be followed in the hotel. A standard procedure helps to encumber confusion, maintain discipline among the employees and to a fault helps in acting all the activities smoothly without error.Maintaining good relations with other departments. Housekeeping is low-level on other departments like sales to anticipate future demand, get to get the equipment etc. Hence a good relation with other department heads will help in smooth functioning and prevent last minute surprises.Executive housekeeper is responsible for personally inspecting the entire facility. This reassessment has to be on a regular basis withoutfailure. Surprise inspe ctions are too required to keep things in order. He/she is responsible for inspecting all the areas, linen in the hotel. He/she has to pay special attention for maintaining a pest free and hygienic environment.Executive housekeeper has to work closely with the General Manager and update him on the day to day activities in the hotel and also on the plans for any special events in the hotel.Executive housekeeper also has to keep a track of the lost and found items in the hotel. These items can be normal to very expensive. These have to safely kept and also hand over to the owner in the best condition.Executive housekeeper is responsible for proviso of the annual housekeeping budget and then submits it to the general manager for approval.Executive housekeepers also need to manage the suppliers of the housekeeping items and recommend the good suppliers to the acquire department.Apart from the above the executive housekeeper also needs to check the inward orders, inventory of the i tems, quickly attend to complaints, having the preventive maintenance of all the housekeeping items, and always motivating his employees to give their best. Hotel house Keeping training manual, Sudhir Andrews, TMH 2005 Question No. (2)Summary of the main requirements for- Honeymooners, Retired Couples, Disabled customers, Families, Business travellers.The needs of the guests in a hotel are very individualistic. They vary from each other. The hotels classify the guests in various segments so as to offer to their specific needs. The hotel must have a good knowledge about each segment and their special needs. This knowledge will help them to have the facilities in place to cater to the needs as and when they arise.Honeymooners This segment consist of the couples aged between 25 to 39 years. This segment has their own unique needs. This segment focuses more on the comfort solutions that can be enjoyed by them during their stay with the hotel. www.tourism.australia.com. the people in t his segment look out for an unforgettable experience. Apart from the stay they also look forward to visiting places and sightseeing. The hotel has to specially plan for this segment like royal room accommodation arrangement, flower decoration, romantic dinner night, access to special recreational facilities, sightseeing city tours and most importantly taking palm that they have minimum disturbance from the housekeeping staffs during their stay. Apart for all these any special needs also have to be catered so that the people have a nice stay. (www.honeymooninindia.com. )Retired Couples This segment consist of couples whose age is about 60 years. This segment has specific needs which vary astray from other segments. Although this segment has a good spending power still it is price sensible and wants value for money. They want a good place to stay with peaceful environment. They do not want nightlife instead prefer to have a walk in the morning and evening. The hotel has to take ca re of their food recreation requirements. They might need special food due to health reasons. They also might need a doctor during their stay. The housekeeping also has to regularly check with them so as to cater to their needs. The facilities also have to be arranged in a different way so that the usage is not a problem.Disabled customers This segment has very special needs. They need lot of care and attention. The hotel needs to understand their constipation and give respect and great attention to their needs. They might need a wheelchair and a doctor. These customers generally come with family member or helper so the need to the assistant also has to be taken care. The devices like television, laundry and toilet equipments might have to adjust so that the customers can use them without any difficulty.Families value for money and affordability are the needs of this segment. The customers in this segment consist of husband, wife and kids. The customer looks for good and healthy meal for them and their kids. deflexion facilities for the kids like games and various sports for kids.Business Travellers The business travellers represent a large chunk of customers for the hotel industry. This segment includes people who travel on business representing commercial, industrial and governmental organizations. In case of business travellers the peak business demand is experienced from Monday to Friday nights. The reasons for visiting is for conducting business with a local company or for recruiting, training, management meetings, and stopping over between destinations. This segment needs special food, beverage and desserts, nightlife and good facility for meetings and conferences. The hotel also needs to have facilities for pic conferencing, Wi-Fi facilities with good bandwidth.Female business travellers The needs of female business travellers are similar to the male business travellers. The special need of this segment is somewhat safety. The ladies might have to travel at night. The hotel has to provide a drudge which takes them to their destination safely. The hotel staffs also need to have a good desire about the city so that they can guide the lady if she wants to see places. The hotel can also look at having lady staff for give to these customers. It is generally observed that the housekeeping staffs are common for the hotel rooms. By keeping lady housekeeping staffs for female customers would help in proper distinction of the hotel. This would help to showcase that the hotel tries to cater to even the smallest of the details.Question No. (3). conjure some strategies which the hotel might use to identify the needs and wants of its customers.Todays business environment is very turbulent, aggressive and highly competitive. The hospitality industry is characteristized by knifelike competition, constant changes, and a relatively high incidence of failure. These factors not only decide the firms profitability but also decide its su rvival. There is vehement competition in cost of quality, price and market share, and environmental factors. To increase the market share the hotels need additional expenditure. At times the business might need to look at mergers. The hotels have been forced to relook at their existing managerial techniques, assumptions and philosophies. The hotels are not only looking at advance(a) sales and marketing strategies but are also looking at improving the operational efficiency. During the growing stage the hotels might do well without investing properly in service quality and marketing. The succor stage is the maturity stage where the hotels have to deal with intense competitive environment. In this stage the survival requires to deal with intense competition, acquiring customers and to become more effective and efficient. In addition to the increasing concentration, there seems to be a trend towards upgrading quality and maintaining market share, while divesting out of toughened properties. In 1979, Holiday Inns and Sheraton, both among the leaders of the industry, were less concerned with growth and more concerned with improving the quality of properties. (Wyckoff and Sasser, 1981). This proves that the hotels have to develop innovative strategies to gain market share and redefine competition in terms of brand image and quality.The few things that a hotel can do to identify the needs and wants of its customers are objective setting, environmental analysis, organizational analysis, assessment, GAP analysis, strategical choice and implementation. The hotel apart from improving the operational efficiency and marketing also needs to understand the needs and wants of its customers so that it is easier to get these customers.The hotel experience for a customer starts right from the moment he attempts to do the booking for the stay. The booking can be online or physically at the hotel. In case of online booking there are few important things that must be conside red. All the details related to the hotel must be available on the website so that the customer can plan better. The transaction must be safe and quick. The customer must also be acknowledged on confirmation of booking. Every hotel must have CRM enabled s

Shocking the Sensibilities in A Modest Proposal Essay -- Swift Modest

  imposing the Sensibilities in A unassuming scheme           Two Works Cited    three years after Gullivers Travels was published, Jonathan  quick wrote A Modest Proposal, a run away grounded in thoughtful satire. Swift describes the destitution that characterized the life of Irelands despicable in the 18th ampere-second then renders a brazenly inhumane ancestor to their problems. He shocks the sensibilities of the readers then leads them to consider the inhumanity of the destitution in the maiden place. Although he was born in Ireland, Swift considered himself an Englishman first, and the English were his intended audience. Swift used the good reputation afforded him by previous works to strike an otherwise indifferent English public to the circumstances of Irish misery. Unfortunately, umpteen of the English were so predisposed to hatred of the Irish that they would disregard the item of Swifts essay and streng th go so far as to punt Swifts proposal. For the people of Ireland, A Modest Proposal built upon Swifts earlier Drapiers letter and made Swift a national hero (Bookshelf).   A Modest Proposal begins with a description of the state of 18th century Irish life. Ireland was a place where children too often became beggars or thieves to sustain themselves or their families, women had abortions because they could not afford to raise children, few jobs were available to the workforce, and landlords abused unworthy tenants. As miserable as the picture Swift painted of Irish life was, the brushstrokes of history were even harsher. Actions of the English in the previous century had thrust the Irish people into a state of diaspora tens of thousands had been ... ...al footnote, not something that pertains to the present. barely we need only look to poor children huddled on the streets of Brazil, or hear accounts of people who have resorted to using human flesh as sustenance to endure the North Korean famine, to realize that the misery of the worlds poor has yet to be tempered by the progress of a red-brick age. A Modest Proposal could have been written yesterday it might well be written tomorrow.   Works Cited Swift, Jonathan. A Modest Proposal For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public. 1729. Rpt. in Current Issues and Enduring Questions. Ed. Sylvan Barnet and Hugo Bedau. Boston, MA St. Martins 1996. 111-117. Johathan Swift. Bookshelf 1996-1997 Edition 1996. CD-ROM. Redmond, WA Microsoft, 1996.  

The Devil in Young Goodman Brown And Rappaccinis Daughter :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Devil in new Goodman embrown And Rappacinis Daughter   In Puritan Massachusetts the key word was suspicion. In order to be accepted, by the community, you had to be a member of the elect, destined for a full stop in the eternity of heaven. In order to be member of this elect(ip) group of selected individuals you had to be free of sin and evil. It goes without saying, that you could never be caught stir the devil, as is illustrated by the horrors of the infamous Salem witch trials. In issue Goodman Brown, and Rappacinis Daughter Nathaniel Hawthorne portrays two different ways of soliciting or being solicited by the devil. The final scenes in both of these stories although similar in nature, are rattling conflicting in essence, and show the two adverse ways in which people and evil can become one.   In Young Goodman Brown, the protagonist, Goodman Brown goes off on a typical calculate for the devil. The devil is associated with fantasm and terror, a crea ture only to be sought after composition enveloped in the darkness of the night. As Goodman Brown himself replies to Faiths longing for him to wait until cockcrow to embark on his journey, My journey needst be done twixt now and first light (611). Goodman Brown knows exactly what he is going to look for, he is trenchant for evil. He goes to the forest to do his deed and he had taken a dreary road darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest to run there(611). Goodman Brown is willingly seeking the devil, and Hawthorne is throwing in all the stereotypes. This entire search for the devil is portrayed as being very ugly. What then is beautiful? In Young Goodman Brown beauty equals inherent goodness, or Faith. Young Goodman Brown separates from this righteousness, for evil. From the beginning, he was leaving, at least for the time being, Faith behind. And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street, permit the wind play with the so ft ribbons of her cap (610). The beauty of faith and her pinko ribbons are left behind, his intentions are obvious.     In Rappacinis Daughter Giovanni does none of this. He never went out searching