Accounting Equation Essay

The accounting equation is a formula that represents the relationship between the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity of a small business. Businesses use this to basically show what it owns what it owes and what its investors are investing. In order to understand these concepts it is important to have some knowledge of what is meant by each of the three basic components mentioned. â€Å"Assets refer to the worth of goods or products in the possession of the owner. Liabilities represent the amount of cash or resources that were borrowed in order to acquire the assets. Net worth is the financial worth of the individual, less any outstanding debts to outside entities. †(M. Tatum 2013). These things are important because this is what makes a business of any size thrive. Business need to know these things so that it may make decisions about its future to determine whether or not it has the potential to be successful and prosper in the future or if they should take an alternate route to better their business practice. The balance Sheet plays a role in the accounting equation by giving a brief picture of the company’s financial state at a point in time. The balance sheet will represent the accounting equation for a company Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity stated more simply, the dollar total of the assets equals the dollar total of the liabilities plus the dollar total of the owners’ equity. The balance sheet presents a company’s resources, what they have what they owe and what is invested in them. For example, say a company has an increase of $1,000 to its assets since the owner decided to invest more money into his business. This increase to assets represents an equal increase to the amount of money the company owes to the owner (equity). Thus, the accounting equation will not remain in balance unless $1,000 is added to the company’s equity as well (QuickMBA, 2007). It is important to realize, though, that a transaction can affect only one side of the accounting equation. For instance, if a company chooses to purchase office supplies for $400 using cash, this will not affect the business’s liabilities or equity. Instead, it only represents the exchange of one asset for another (cash is decreased by $400, while office supplies increase by $400). Finally, a transaction can cause more than two affects on the accounting equation. For example, say a retailer decides to buy a shipment of a new product for $1,000. This causes an automatic increase of $1,000 to inventory (an asset). However, instead of paying for this shipment with only cash, the company decides to pay $500 up front and purchase the rest on credit. As a result, cash is only decreased by $500 and liabilities are increased by $500, thus causing three changes to the accounting equation (Money Instructor, 2005).

Multidimensional Perspective In Learning Styles Education Essay

IntroductionPersonalisation in instruction has been discussed in fact-finding and policy documents for about a decennary. This construct of acquisition was used foremost in the United States and was subsequently extended and advanced in the United Kingdom as it became entrenched in a wider position for the reform of public services ( Hartley, 2007, Johnson, 2004 ) . UK Government introduced ‘customised individualized services ‘ in 1997 for making services that responded to the varied demands of persons more straight alternatively of offering one standardized solutions for all. Later the rule of individualized service came into consequence in the instruction sector and implemented at the secondary degree ( Judy Sebba, 2007, Skills, 2006 ) . Personalized Learning may be considered as an merger of teaching method, course of study and larning support to run into the demands of single scholars confronting the challenges of twenty-first century. It is frequently designed utilizing a figure of scope of theories, doctrines of instruction and acquisition to supply pupils with opportunities to be able to entree information and expertness, to lend thoughts and sentiments, and to match with other scholars and wise mans ( Hartley, 2007, Campbell et al. , 2007 ) . This method may utilize some net-based plans as Virtual Learning Environments ( VLEs ) or Learning Management Systems ( LMSes ) , treatment forums or chat communities ; and could be devised as a â€Å" blended † attack, where contents will be available remotely every bit good as straight through ICT and schoolroom and talks ( Robinson and Sebba, 2009 ) . Definitions of personalizing instruction have evolved over clip and have bit by bit emerged at both national and planetary degrees. Personalizing instruction is progressively going a cardinal driver of instruction reform and has the undermentioned common subjects ( Hartley, 2007 ) : aˆ? Learners are placed at the Centre aˆ? ICT plays a really of import function and is a cardinal enabler aˆ? It is a womb-to-tomb acquisition attack aˆ? It works through community based coaction I will discourse this newer but now ubiquitous theoretical account of supplying instruction in UK utilizing the four key points through critical literature reappraisal and compare this with other similar systems operated in New Zealand. The aim of this assignment is to pull a decision sing the strengths, failings every bit good as the public-service corporation of this construct in national and planetary position.Literature reappraisalAn overview of personalisation in instructionPersonalizing instruction has the undermentioned common subjects ( Hall and Moseley, 2005, Clarke, 2003, Hargreaves, 2005, Hartley, 2007, Johnson, 2004, Robinson and Sebba, 2009 ) .Learners are cardinalPersonalised instruction incorporates a highly-structured attack to prosecute scholars to inform and authorise assessed through meaningful undertakings for the improved results for all and a committedness to cut down the spread among accomplishments ( Miliband, 2003 ) .Information and communications engineering ( ICT )ICT enables each student with greater recreation and enhances interaction for supplying a infinite for personalised, flexible larning beyond any bound, i.e. unrecorded locally whereas learn globally ( Robinson and Sebba, 2009 ) .Lifelong acquisitionPersonalizing instruction is committed to lifelong acquisition and to the proviso of flexible acquisition environments and a figure of tracts for instruction to run into the demands of all scholars ( Hartley, 2007 ) .Communities of coactionEmbracing the construct of personalizing instruction through schools will advance a ‘community of larning ‘ attack and develop the perceptual experience of webs holding strong familiarities with the place, community, local establishments, concern and services. Johnson had presented advanced narrations of this construct to the National College for School Leadership: ‘personalised larning ‘ : an instruction system where appraisal, course of study, learning manner, and out of hours proviso are all designed to detect and foster the alone endowments of every individual pupilaˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦the most effectual instruction depends on truly cognizing the demands, strengths and failings of single pupilsaˆÂ ¦ ( Johnson, 2004 ) In 2003, David Miliband determined the definition to unambiguously admit the demand for intercession between instructors and pupils ( Miliband, 2006 ) : Personalised larning involves work in categories and groups and does non connote pupils larning on their ain. The nucleus of individualized acquisition is to guarantee that each pupil ‘s demands are assessed, endowments spotted and nurtured, involvements spurred, trouble to acquisition is removed and their possible fulfilled ( Beach and Dovemark, 2009 ) . The instruction, course of study and category administration of schools should be designed in such a manner that as many students as possible can be reached for every bit much of the clip as possible ( Stillwaggon, 2008 ) . A Working Group on instruction reform was established in 2003 to analyse ways of invention in educational offerings and recommended a figure of educational reform including the debut of ‘core larning ‘ and ‘main larning ‘ ; alterations to assessment schemes, betterment in vocational plans ; superior acknowledgment of makings, and making chances for scholars. The Tomlinson reappraisal has proposed the incorporation of sheepskins so that leaners from all subdivisions of the society can acquire an chance to detect and bask the usage of their abilities and endowments to the highest degree possible, in add-on to geting the basic capablenesss needed to win in big life ( Reform, 2004 ) . The UK Government decided in 2004 in the â€Å" Five twelvemonth scheme for kids and scholars † that it would connote reforms for significant betterments in every phase of instruction and kids ‘s services from the early old ages of a kid ‘s life to lifelong acquisition and grownup accomplishments ( Miliband, 2006 ) . Many faculty members and research workers later put visible radiation on this docket through their research and findings. For illustration, in 2004 Tom Bentley and Riel Miller presented personalisation in instruction as an germinating thought of client service applied in the educational sector. They have made it apparent that individualized acquisition is possible when a individual can place his demands and the service providers are capable of acknowledging and at the same clip reacting in the most appropriate manner to provide for the specific demand of that individual ( Bentley and Miller, 2006 ) . Charles Leadbeater discussed a method that was steady with a more brooding and engaged attack to instruction with an purpose to advance personal development through self-fulfillment, self-motivation and self-enhancement taking to self development ( Leadbeater, 2004 ) . In personalized acquisition context, the scholar should be considered as an active, responsible, self-motivated and a co-designer of the scheme that determines how instruction should be delivered ( Hartley, 2009, La Marca, 2007 ) . Resources can be shared between schools through formation of webs and federations and each member school can be used as a gateway to the shared resources. Further, Johnson in 2004, made the undermentioned comments that highlights some of the complications between the involvement of the person in individualized acquisition and the demands to foster a shared sense of community while negociating the nature of that community. â€Å" As this thought is more of import as a political†¦ .than an educational program†¦ . †¦ .one which offers at best a partial apprehension of the intents of mass instruction in modern society and which speaks to a radically neo-liberal docket † ( Johnson, 2004 ) . In 2005 UK authorities published a white paper on school criterions. This paper acknowledged individualized acquisition as a manner of instruction which is practiced and should be adopted where appropriate. The study stated that – â€Å" Personalisation is non new. The best schools of UK should supply a trim instruction which combines: a?’ based on the demand of the scholar, excess little group or one-to-one tuition a?’ All kids will acquire chances to acquire extra support and tuition in countries they are interested a?’ exciting whole-class instruction a?’ grouping of pupils of similar ability and attainment degree to assist coordinated acquisition a?’ a flexible and rich course of study which can be easy accessed by every type of student and allows older people to blend academic and vocational acquisition a?’ extended usage of information engineering in the schoolroom every bit good as at place † .Maslow needs theory and its relation with personalized acquisition systemAbraham Maslow in his ‘Hierarchy of Human Needs ‘ proposed that all people have a set of basic demands: physiological, safety, belonging and esteem demands, and he constructed a hierarchy which suggested that ‘D necessitate ‘ ( lack demands ) must be met to able one to develop into their possible and realize the ego ( Sirgy, 1986, Rowan, 1999 ) . Self-actualization and transcendency can be addressed one time the four lack demands have been met and so one makes the most of one ‘s abilities. At this phase one can work towards carry throughing one ‘s possible and going the best of one ‘s capableness. Figure 1: Maslow Hierarchy of Needs ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cbc.ca/radio2/programs/maslow.png ) In conformity with it, UK Department for Education and Skills ( DfES ) in 2006 proposed five constituents of individualized acquisition, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2: The five constituents of individualized acquisition ( Image beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //nationalstrategies.standards.dcsf.gov.uk/node/83151 ) The inner nucleus in this figure focuses on conventional acquisition patterns, but personalizing the school experience has the key for the successful execution ( Clarke, 2003, Allen, 2002 ) . The five constituents are: Appraisal for Learning Effective instruction and acquisition Curriculum entitlement and pick Organizing the school Beyond the schoolroom This is in line with the Maslow ‘s theory. Interestingly, there is a important relationship between Maslow ‘s theory of demands and the New Zealand Curriculum ‘s construct of Hauora – or wellbeing. In this theoretical account, the construct of well-being encompasses the physical, mental and emotional, societal, and religious dimensions of wellness. So we can compare these systems present in two states ( Crooks, 2002 ) .Comparison of the Individualized Learning vision, UK & A ; NZAlthough both UK and New Zealand portion some common vision towards personalized larning but there are important differences in the attacks to accomplish them. The comparing of the individualized learning vision of the two states are summarized below –Personalizing Learning UKDepartment for Children, Schools & A ;FamiliesPersonalizing Learning NZMinistry of EducationEffective instruction & A ; acquisition:Emphasis to develop the competency and assurance of every scholar and a f ocal point on instructors ‘ scope of learning accomplishmentsEffective instruction:Supplying professional development for instructors to elate their accomplishments and design programmes to run into the diverse demands of pupilsAppraisal for Learning ( AfL ) :It implies the utilizations of grounds and feedback to observe the position of students, what they require to make furhter and how best to acquire accomplish this.Appraisal for Learning:Having an in-depth cognition of the strengths and failings of every pupil.A flexible course of study:Learning-focused ( instead than content-focused ) to advance ‘real ‘ acquisition state of affairss and fiting the purposes of the National Curriculum to the countries of their acquisition profile.Course of study:Teachers are given with more chances to use their professional cognition and sets to the way of learning in schools.Beyond the schoolroom:Constructing partnerships beyond the school is the key for both back uping acquisi tion in the schoolroom and heightening pupil wellbeing.Strong and occupied communities:Strong partnerships between place and early childhood services and schools for informing parents who need to be involved in their kid ‘s acquisition.Organizing the school:School leaders and instructors maintain high quality instruction and acquisition & A ; guarantee that pupil public presentation and student public assistanceProfessional leading:Professional leaders of early childhood services and schools provide leading of acquisition, making the conditions for personalizing acquisition.Highly supportive system:The function of authorities and cardinal bureaus is non to run schools but to assist them construct the capacity to run into the demands of their pupils.DiscussionThe implicit in grounds for which we have to travel a long manner to implement true personalized instruction system are multifaceted and the instruction reforms are needed to successfully implement personalized instruction system in UK or any other developed state. Here I want to concentrate on few cardinal points – Resource Gap: Lack of resources may be the main ground why personalisation has non advanced farther ( Beach and Dovemark, 2009 ) . Education sector are authoritative maximization demands ; one can ever happen demands that have non been met and one can ever reason for extra resources. Hence resources apportioning governments must ever be inactive on its watchfulness over the educational sector and maintain a steadfast restraint on costs, lest it grows beyond all bounds. Institutionalised conservativism may be considered as an every bit of import ground for the disagreement between theory and pattern for the educational system ( Campbell et al. , 2007, Fielding, 2006 ) . The operators of the system ( instructors ) are older than those who are utilizing the system ( pupils ) make it vastly hard to avoid conservativism. Procedure related nostalgia to maintain the educational system from reforming contributes as a 3rd factor. The impression that the younger coevals must travel through a clip tried procedure like the old coevalss are making opposition from different subdivisions of the society every clip the educational system is aimed to reform ( Tharinger et al. , 1996 ) . The inactiveness inbuilt in the present educational system is a critical ground for slow reform. But one should non overrate the impacts of reforming the educational system on society. The frequence of alteration in modern-day society ( added up with womb-to-tomb larning construct ) develops the impression that the position quo in educational system has no monopoly on leaving accomplishments and cognition, but it is still it has the function of the foundation for the womb-to-tomb acquisition. On the contrary it can be said that the impression of womb-to-tomb larning as such what is proposed in a personalisation of larning ( Beach and Dovemark, 2009 ) . The huge scope of larning being conducted after the completion of formalistic instruction in existent life does non normally taught in formal instruction scenes instead the capable affair and topographic points are frequently chosen by the scholar.Future deductions of Individualized LearningThe educational system is of all time altering from the really being. One attend to larning for future addition instead than immediate fulfilment. ‘Non scholae, sed vitae discimus ‘ . Since the hereafter does non be, s o one has to pull a logical decision or may be a qualified, witting conjecture. The thoughts are applicable with even greater accent to determine up the educational system, because it is so much futuristic. The elements may hold a greater consequence chiefly on the attitude to people, motive, the demands of society, and the technological possibilities.Personalised acquisition and peopleConformity has a long history. In the present scenario the society is based on experience. That made experienced one ‘smarter ‘ than immature one, because it takes clip to garner experience. Hence the seniors ( the instructors ) had authorization. The hereafter should be the mutualism among the stack holders of the system.Personalised acquisition and motiveEducational system should recognize that the ways for motive have changed. The indispensable qualities of a modern educational system are supposed to leave to pupils without any signifier of menaces instead at a reciprocated respectful manner.Personalised acquisition and societyThe precedences of society will be decided by the development of a cognition society – a society that will turn from both optimistic and pessimistic causes. Th e Knowledge Society is the result of the amount of our collected cognition continues to turn at an exceeding rate. Our hereafter chance lies upon the cognition based society through the execution of individualized acquisition ( Wallace, 2008 ) .Personalised acquisition and engineeringThe turning significance of the attitude-shaping map is another paradigm of the insatiability of the educational sector. A more individualized educational system needs the invention of ICT for efficiency additions and traveling towards right way ( Haldane and Wallace, 2009 ) . The engineering ( Information engineering ) through the usage of synergistic systems, contribute to increased end product in the instruction sector and thereby do executable for more individualized instructions ( Robinson and Sebba, 2009 ) .DecisionThe term ‘Zeitgeist ‘ and the educational system already have seen a considerable dissension. We have supported individuality which elevates the exclusivity of each individu al and therefore a greater control over one ‘s ain life is promoted for each person. But on the contrary, we have an educational system that still to a considerable extent has a fixed content and fixed timing. As it is implausible to return to a superseded position, it is seemed clear that is the educational system will hold to accommodate with individualized acquisition. The growing towards a more individualized instruction will be held back by the inquiries about the insatiability of the educational system. It therefore seems unbelievable that a more individualized instruction is possible without at the same time retrieving the efficiency of the educational system. Since this will affect some investings, a high economic growing will give assurance a more individualized instruction. A more individualized instruction is non without its restrictions. It becomes more complicated to measure the single pupil ‘s additions from his personally designed manners of surveies. When individualized construct in instruction sprouts, at the same clip, concerns develops that a more irregular instruction system may sabotage coherence among the stakeholders of the society. The system which eases the pupils ‘ tract through acquisition in a meaningful manner will hence be much less dissentious than one that besides personalises the substances that is to be learnt. But this must be implemented through an thorough scrutiny of the preexistent conditions within the educational sector that shows the significant advancement already has been made sing timing. The cardinal challenge to educational systems in modern-day societies is that the remainder of society, particularly the labour market, will necessitate that the system produces more and better skilled people. The go oning enlargement within the planetary division of labor agencies that the states must go on to nurture the Knowledge Society if they wish to maintain up and augment their current criterion of life. No 1 can oblige the devising of more and better qualified people, market has to carry them. And a more individualized instruction will be smarter than the bing, more inflexible, educational systems. As individualized acquisition is still in its developing phases there is a small indicant of the overall success it may finally leave. However, there is important grounds that many of the mechanisms of individualized acquisition attacks have been successful in a figure of contexts around the universe.

Overview of Conflicts of Interest Essay

Confidentiality is also something that some volunteers of the Remedios AIDS Foundation should also learn. Although many officers of this NGO advocate confidentiality, many of its volunteers could still breach this ethical code, thus further isolating prospective clients. It is a well-known fact that the life of the first Filipino AIDS victim was made into a commercial movie, and had attracted thousands of audience – making it seem like a carnival show. This is precisely the kind of stigma that HIV/AIDS victims is afraid of, and something that the Remedios AIDS Foundation – and many other NGOs dealing with this disease — is trying to work out. The Remedios AIDS Foundation is also faced with the dilemma on how to conduct research without exposing the patients to various risks (CIOMS 1993). As an NGO that do social and medical research, it has to ensure that HIV/AIDS patients must also benefit from its studies. It is unethical to expose subjects to the risks of participating in a research study unless the design is sufficiently rigorous that the results will be valid and generalizable (U. S. National Commission for the Protection of the Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research). Another critical ethical consideration that must be dealt with accordingly by the Remedios AIDS Foundation is how to maintain objectivity in front of emotional patients. Culturally speaking, the Filipino people tend to be emphatic of each other’s plights, thus it is not an isolated case to find volunteers who are emotionally affected by the conditions of HIV/AIDS patients. This eventually leads them to quit from their volunteer work and/or to be personally involved in their patients’ cases, which often clouds their critical judgment. Applications The best thing to do here is to implement an intensive and extensive information campaign on AIDS and the advantages of belonging to a core group that can emotionally and physically assist the AIDS victims. Moreover, volunteers of the Remedios AIDS Foundation should also undergo intensive training and education on how to properly deal with HIV/AIDS patients. It must be noted that these patients are already wrapped in insecurity and treating them with slight uncertainty will only decrease their self-confidence. To meet the ethical obligations for research, on the other hand, this NGO must conduct studies whose sample sizes must be adequate. Suitable study endpoints must also be selected. It must also ensure that clinical trials must undergo preliminary laboratory and animal research. It must always take into consideration that research with human participants raises ethical concerns because people accept risks and inconvenience to advance scientific knowledge and to benefit others (Lo 2000). Social researchers of this NGO must also learn how to use language that is not offensive to study participants. Conclusion As one of the NGOs at the forefront of combating HIV/AIDS in the Philippines, the Remedios AIDS Foundation is faced with many ethical dilemmas that it is trying to overcome one by one. Although it is difficult to do in this largely Catholic country where promiscuity is being strongly detested and HIV/AIDS is being associated with promiscuity, it continues to embark on a rigorous warfare against HIV/AIDS in the country. Everything is an uphill battle because social norms and religiosity keep HIV/AIDS patients from coming forward in the open to seek for help. The NGO is looking for ways and means to solve this problem without losing its focus. As the officers and volunteers of the Remedios AIDS Foundation are also mostly Catholics, they also have to be able to move around their religious beliefs in order to stop being discriminatory to HIV/AIDS patients. They also have to ensure that their researchers are well-trained to avoid offending study participants and this can only be done by conducting intensive trainings. Lastly, objectivity should also be encouraged to avoid personal involvement in patients’ predicament. This last ethical issue should be encouraged to avoid conflict of interest on the part of the NGO. In the end, the officers and volunteers of this NGO are cognizant of the fact that unless these ethical concerns are addressed, their fight against HIV/AIDS will never be successful. References: Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). (1993) International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. Geneva. de Bruyn, T. (1998) HIV/AIDS and Discrimination: A Discussion Paper. Montreal: Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network & Canadian AIDS Society. Lo B. (2000) Overview of Conflicts of Interest. In Resolving Ethical Dilemmas: A Guide for Clinicians. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Reproductive Health Outlook. (1997) HIV/AIDS Key Issues. Retrieved May 30, 2006 from http://www. rho. org/html/hiv_aids_keyissues. html U. S. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1978) The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Washington, D. C. : Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare. The Offical Website of the Remedios AIDS Foundation. (1991) http://www.remedios.com.ph/

Structural Frame of Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Structural Frame of Leadership - Assignment Example Since teaching staffs are the most important employees in an educational organization, their responsibility to maintain this discipline is greatest. The teachers must enforce and exhibit productive, ethically acceptable activities. If formal rules, policies, and procedures are provided to the teachers, they can manage their responsibilities better since ambiguity regarding division of labor will be controlled. Rules, policies, and procedures will act like guidance for the teachers. Since the beginning of human civilization, corruption has been a significant problem. Corruption in the form of bribery, espionage, theft, forgery, etc. can be seen in modern day organizations as well. However, if accountability is enforced onto the management of an organization, they will be compelled to handle their subordinates in more responsible manner. Accountability helps to foster transparency. Education is a process that involves evolution of human mind. If a structural frame is rigidly imposed on the educational system, the necessary room for innovation and experiment will be lost. And this will be a colossal loss for the schools, since schools are like the laboratories of education and ethics. However, a certain degree of structured approach is necessary for the schools too. Structural frame, when applied to a school, can define the hierarchic relationships better and help to resolve conflicts among peers by setting up clearer codes of

Point of View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Point of View - Essay Example The weather is so bright and white like an ocean. A sparrow comes flying from nowhere and rests at the branch of the bottlebrush tree. As it sits, the delicate branch slightly sways in the air with the impact of the sparrow’s weight and a bottlebrush flower falls down into my lap, as if it is a gift of nature to make my experience more memorable. The sparrow inflates its body filling air in its feathers to make a shield against the cold air of the atmosphere. I have never felt as close to and drawn toward the beauty and innocence of Mother Nature as I feel in these moments. My line of sight takes a 60 degree shift in the vertical plane as it moves from the sparrow up on the tree’s branch to the two girls holding hand in hand jumping their way up to the school over the road in front of me. Their sight takes me back to the time when I was their age and used to go to school with Lisa, my best friend and neighbor. They giggle as they pass by. Their laughter breaks the quiet ness and calmness of the surroundings and adds more life and pleasure to it. Soon after that, I hear the sound of bells approaching from a nearby Church, forming a soothing melody. It has been half an hour and the bus has not arrived yet. The fog in the air increases. My vision is obstructed by heavy mist in the air. I am red in the nose and finger tips and white in the face with cold. I seem to be catching flu. The fragrance of the pink roses and the bottlebrush that I enjoyed 30 minutes ago seems to be receding. I blow my nose but can’t really feel the friction of the tissue paper against my nose because of numbness. I throw the tissue paper away. I need another tissue paper but I have no more. I start feeling hungry as I have not had my breakfast since I got ready for the school in a hurry. I take the biscuits out of their pack in my bag, but they have become soggy and have absorbed moisture from the atmosphere. I miss the crunchiness of a dry biscuit and the

Mechanical vibrations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Mechanical vibrations - Essay Example Electromechanical devices also create mechanical vibrations. Fig 1 shows different types of vibration that are common sources of vibrations. The for examples of the daily life vibrations. Elementary Parts of Vibrating system The vibration of the body corresponds to the release and storing of the energy. The body stores the potential energy. There should be a mean to store the kinetic energy. In spring mechanism, spring stores the potential energy and mass is the medium that converts the potential energy is the spring to kinetic energy. In the similar case of pendulum, the length of the string determines the capacity of the system to store the potential energy and the mass acts to convert the potential energy into kinetic energy (Den Hartog, 1956). The major part of any vibrating body is the damping in the vibration that gradually tends to loss the energy of the vibrating body. In some cases where vibrations are undesired damping constants are high by absorbing the vibrations or by cr eating negative oscillations. The major types of forces that are acting on a vibrating system are disturbing forces, restoring forces, inertia force, damping force. Disturbing forces are forces which act to energize the system to make vibration in the system. Inertia force is the force that makes the vibrating body to remain in motion. Damping force is the force that tends to stop the motion of the body by damping the energy of the vibrating system (Den Hartog, 1956). Fig 2 depicts the mass attached to the spring showing the vibratory motion. F depicts the force, m is the mass, L is the length of the spring. Degree of freedom refers to the coordinates available for the motion of the vibrating body. The coordinates to evaluate the instantaneous position of the system at its each part is a degree of freedom of that system. A finite degree of freedom corresponds to a discrete or lumped parameter system; while an infinite degree of freedom corresponds to a continuous or distributed syst em. Classify various types of vibration in mechanical systems. Types of Vibration in Mechanical System In any mechanical system, the vibrations are typified according to their classification. The classifications of different vibration are as follows. Classification of Vibration: Vibrations in a system or within a system can be classified as †¢ Free and forced †¢ Damped and undamped †¢ Linear and nonlinear †¢ Deterministic and Random Free vibration Consider a vibrating system that is only once disturbed by exerting an external force and then the system vibrates with any further external force or disturbance. The vibration of such system is free vibration. If the mass attached to the spring is once stretched and then the eternal force is removed, the spring mechanism shows vibration on its own, this type vibration is called free vibration. Forced Vibration: Forced vibrations refer to the type of vibrations that are due to the constant disturbance or repeating exter nal force. Car engines, generators, and other constantly moving mechanical devices produce forced vibrations (Seto, 1964). Damped Vibration Damped vibrations are due to the damping factor that makes the system to gradually loss the energy and slow down the vibration of the system. Consider the mass attached to the spring, if it is once stretched and then the external force is removed; the vibration of the mass attached to the spring will gradually slow down due to the presence of damping force (Francis, Morse &

The impact of the internet on the fashion industry Essay

The impact of the internet on the fashion industry - Essay Example Many online users have now use so called option "Choiceboard" where the visitors of the web sites can design the products they would like to purchase; apart from external design visitors of the web site have now the possibility to choose among the prices and delivery options. 1 These options allow the customers wherever they reside to order goods and products at London or in Paris, without actually visiting these cities. Moreover, residents of various countries have received the possibility to view latest trends in the design of the apparel and new collections in various nations of the world. In short new technology has increased the exposure of fashion companies as well as designers to the public. New creative ideas are exchanged between the nations with rapid, hitherto unknown speed, which certainly facilitate and simplify the work of the designers. Internet also offers new opportunities to those people who study at the fashion courses as well as those who would like to keep themselves abreast of the trends in the design of the fashion. 2For instance such web sites as WGSN -EDU provides students and academic staff with the access to the latest information on design trends, fashion shows, textiles and new fashion products from all over the world. One of the leading internet fashion web sites Worth Global Style Network provides its subscribers with numerous options vital for those who are interested in the latest changes in fashion. Subscription for 3000 USD per year provided the customers with the possibility to watch various fashion shows around the world and evaluate various marketing strategies of fashion houses of Scandinavia as well as to see high quality photos of the youth from Los Angeles. Whereas it might have taken several days to obtain this information several decades ago, it can be done much quicker with the help of internet. Moreover the founders of WGSN were able to provide the visitors of their web site with latest samples of fabrics, apparel and show displays. Moreover apart from the photos from officially held fashion shows the company also provided the customers with photos of so called "cool hunters" independent photographers who visited discos and clubs and could take the shots of the public at these pre mises. The service of the company has facilitated the life in fashion industry. Some of the subscribers (most of whom consisted of famous and large fashion houses) have spent more than half million dollars in subscription fees, yet this money was well spent. The service of the web site helps to reduce the time spent on business trips, which have became less expensive and more efficient due to the fact that the web site provides detailed and informative advice on what to visit in a particular geographical area, where the most interesting sites for fashion specialists are located as well as what date should be chosen for the visiting of the area. Moreover it has reduced the time of the meetings at the offices as no longer the junior design assistants are held in ignorance about current trends, they can see everything and even more than their managers who are traveling around the globe. 3 Whereas fashion companies can subscribe to this web site, academic staff and students can get

International Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Business - Assignment Example This has been boosted by the fact that, five times daily, the Muslims are called to pray at the mosque. Moreover, the United Arab Emirates has stability in its political and economic structures. In the global quest for business, firms should be able to know the geographical distances involved the cultural backgrounds and the different time zones at hand ( Hill, 2009). A number of investments and trade developments have been carried out over the past years in United Arab Emirates that has brought in global or international recognition. The project will cover business prospects of amalgamations, joint ventures and the factors to consider when undertaking foreign direct investments. In the United Arab Emirates, there are vast instances of opportunities to yearn for to compete effectively (Griffin & Pustay, 2010). This ranges from the service industries to the manufacturing sectors. The stable political, economic, social, technological, and legal environment offered has made the country grow to a substantial level. International trade and development in foreign countries always adds value to the national income of the participating countries and therefore substantial growth (Darity, 2008). The Acorn construction company has successfully completed the construction of commercial, residential and renovation projects in the London region. The company can see the construction projects from all sides of the spectra so that good premises are built. The company undertakes projects with due experience and confidence, in an efficient manner to the benefit of customers. With this in mind, the company constructs concerning the industry standards within the stipulated time and budgetary allocations. In view of this, the company would like to venture into other countries and exploit new opportunities as it offers it construction services. This new arena is like the United Arab Emirates where it will build in respect to the cultural backgrounds there (Campbell & Netzer, 2009). Pl atforms are continuously created where ideas can be interchanged and opportunity sought to improve the corporate image of companies. This is by having international trade fairs and exhibitions to advertise services and bring together like-minded people to identify and create business opportunities. The platform created a scenario where products and services offered were uploaded to the internet through electronic commerce for an array of customers to see. This will be able to boost the profit of the company (Maidment, 2007). To garner more profits on the principle of large numbers, there should be joint ventures that generate more capital and expertise. This is for any individual that seek to enlarge the business scope by finding new opportunities and gaining footholds into new markets in the form of alliances. A relationship that subsists between two or more parties to pursue agreed upon goals is strategic alliance (Cavusgil , Knight & Riesenberger, 2012). Acorn Company for instanc e can form an alliance with an interior design company for a specific period to gain competitive advantage so that the profits can be high. In the support of international investments, the company will build structures that suit the Islamic cultural designs. This is by building standard infrastructural facilities for United Arab Emirates. In the event, the company will make profits and there will be developments (Velasquez, 2006). Over the years, the real estate business has been

Miranda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Miranda - Essay Example If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided for you." ( "Miranda Warning") Most people dreaded that government could act or treat according to their wishes, once any one was declared as criminal suspects. For this reason, there are certain rights, the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney that have been ensured by the Constitution. However, most people remain ignorant of such rights and a result, the police has for years taken advantage of the people's ignorance of this fact. This is what happened in the Ernesto Miranda in 1963 when he was accused of abducting and raping a young girl. He wasn't made cognizant of his rights and therefore confessed to his crime. In 1966, however, the Supreme Court disregarded his confessions as evidence against him as he wasn't aware of his rights to remain silent and his right to an attorney. Since then Miranda warnings has been given out to anyone who is suspected of a crime so that he later not argue of being unaware of his rights. (" The Miranda Warning") Other than in cases of "custodial interrogation" as in Miranda case, the court has put down situations where Miranda warnings need to be given. In 1977 during Oregon vs. Mathiason case, the court put forward other situations where the people need to Mirandized.

Comedy of Errors Essay Example for Free

Comedy of Errors Essay â€Å"The Comedy of Errors† Plato states that: â€Å"The measure of a man is what he does with his power. † But is this true? Or does it depend on a person’s money and possessions? Perhaps it is the family they were born into, or even their gender. And how can reputation affect your class standing? In â€Å"The Comedy of Errors† William Shakespeare explores the interplay of these various possibilities that can determine a person’s class. Shakespeare shows us that a persons family can determine their social status. As well as affect how they are treated. Taking for example the twin Dromios, they came from an extremely poor family. â€Å"A mean woman was delivered / Of such a burden, male twins, both alike. † (?.?. 54) Because their mother was so poor they were adopted by Egeon, however as opposed to becoming his children they became servants for his biological children (also twins) with each twin receiving his own minion. Throughout the Dromios lives they remained servants, even when they were split apart they stayed with their master. Being servants for different masters meant that they were treated differently. Dromio of Ephesus was beaten and kept uneducated â€Å"I have some marks of yours upon my pate, / Some of my mistress’ marks upon my shoulders, ( I.?. 83) While Dromio of Syracuse was given an education and treated like a brother as opposed to a servant, Antipholus of Syracuse demonstrates: A trusty villain, sir, that very oft, When I am dull with care and melancholy, Lightens my humor with is merry jests. (I. II. 19) If they had had wealthy parents with much more power then they would never have become servants and would most likely have servants of their own. Another and perhaps more common way to define a person’s social status is by their wealth, that is their money and possesions. Even though in our modern society wealth has little to do with your social status, in William Shakespeare’s time the more money you had the more power you had. For example Adriana and her husband Antipholus of Ephesus, clearly their money and possessions greatly benefited them in life. All this wealth leads them to have a very good reputation. However if their reputation gets tarnished they will lose their money and in consequence their power: If by strong hand you offer to break in Now in the stirring passage of the day, A vulgar comment will be made of it; And that supposed by the common rout Against your yet ungalled estimation. (III. I. 47) Looking at this quote it is clear that if Antipholus goes through with his threat, his reputation will be tarnished. Therefore he decides against it. â€Å" You have prevailed. I will depart in quiet / And, in despite of mirth, mean to be merry. (III. I. 156) An additional example is Solinus the duke of Ephesus. When he is ready to execute Egeon he uses the power he has to grant him one day of freedom. Duke: Now trust me, were it not against our laws, Against my crown, my oath, my dignity, My soul should sue as advocate for thee. But thou art adjudged to the death, Yet will I favor thee in what I can. therefore, merchant, I’ll limit thee this day. By giving Egeon a day of fr eedom the duke boosts his reputation in Ephesus as a sympathetic and selfless leader. All the while knowing that there is no way Egeon will accomplish his goal. The third and perhaps most prominent way of defining a person’s social standing is their gender. A factor that is still entrenched in our modern society. In â€Å"The Comedy of Errors† there are many obligations women have to fill that men do not. For example as Egeon is telling the duke his tragic story he mentions that although his wife was not in love with him and did not want to marry him, they clearly ended up married. â€Å"In Syracusa was I born and wed / Unto a woman happy but for me. (I. I. 37) This quote demonstrates that as a woman one of her obligations was to get married, even if it was to someone she did not love. This also makes evident the fact women were not free to make their own decisions. Furthermore women were often considered lesser beings than men, they were not allowed as much freedom as their spouse was. â€Å" Good sister, let us dine and never fret. / A man is master of his own liberty. † (II. I. 6) This quote highlights that fact that men were free to come and go as they pleased whereas women were not.

Effect of the Recession on Multinational Enterprises

Effect of the Recession on Multinational Enterprises Economic recession Is general slowdown of economic activity over a period of time that measured by Gross Product Domestic (GDP),recession is highly characterized by falling of investment spending, business decline, slow growth of new business high rate of unemployment.  [i]   Economic recession can be caused by widespread of drop in spending and investments, poor micro-economic policies, such as poor control of financial institutions such as banks, and other lender institutions as well as other economic variables During economic recession, many business profitability declines and other bankrupt due to lack markets for their products and services, many customers have inadequate money to buy these products and services. Economic recession also affect stock markets, where by share of the companies drops sharply and reduce confidence to investors Government revenues decline due to economic recession, hence government fails to provide social services and other future plans. Economic recession in one country can also affect others, in sense that recession has magnitude, many multinational companies operate more than one country, and hence impact in one county can have multiplier effects in other countries, many FDIs also will be affected E.g. economic recession which was hit USA in 2008/2009 which was contributed to united states housing bubble and subprime mortgage crisis, was affected not only in America but almost all over the world, many business affected with this recession, stock markets such as NYSE,LSTE, and other banks were bankrupted such as warner brothers.  [ii]   Impact of Economic Recession High rate of unemployment, recession can contribute to high rate of unemployment in sense that may company reduce number of staff in order to strive; in recession it leads to other problems, such as people who lack jobs may engage in criminals in order to survive. Recession may lead people to lack disposable income; and other fails to repay their loans hence many families are affected. Decline in productivity, where by many business profits falls, other firmà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s bankruptcy, hence and affect the whole financial system. Recession has negative impact due to decline of growth domestic produces (GDP) where by its affect economic as well social life. Many new businesses collapse, and hence fails to repay their loans banks. Recession can led to decline in living standard due to the fact people depend on wage and salaries, this can have negative impact on stability of families and individuals health and well-being Multinational Corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation, is an enterprise that manages production or delivered service in more than one country, multination cooperation has been achieved due to advancement in information technologies as well globalization, British is one of country which have many multination companies such British petroleum Vodafone, Virgin, Rynair as which operate within and outside the country, they are interested to operate in emerging economies such as India, china, Africa and Brazil British companies usually engaged in international business Acquire new markets, British multinational usually going international in order to search new markets for their products and services, many large firms flock to china, India, brazil and Africa due to growing of consumer purchasing power. Increasing sales, firms expand international so as to increase its market share hence being able to compete. Acquiring resources, large firms decided to go globally because to find resources so as to continue producing and ensure production cost can be controlled hence to able to pass benefit to customers. Cheap labor, due to growing of stiff competition in the markets, large firms fight to reduce production cost in order to earn profit, this led companies looking overseas areas where cheap labor is available. Global Strategies, many firms consider engaged in international business as strategies in order to survive in a stiff competition Growing consumer pressure, tastes and preferences of consumer has changed dynamic, income increase; consumer can be able to purchase luxurious products and services, growing income to emerging economies influence many firms to set their operation and respond to these markets The external environment is an essential element for the business to operate international due to the fact business do depend on external environment because and changes can have multiplier effect toward business, if the country policies towards economy are good and there is peace and security business will prosper as well as economy PESLTEL for British Multinational Enterprises are; Political British MNE they are highly interested to operate in where there high democracy and freedom of speech, and where there is a less government intervention towards business unless ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s breaking the abiding laws. Multinational Enterprise, interested operates in a country which there is peace and security, and that countries have diplomatic relation with other countries. Tax policy is well structured and can be predicted, this give opportunity for business to incorporate into their business, in a country where taxation policy is highly uncertainty many British MNE are not interested to invest in these countries Multinational enterprises interested to know all regulatory bodies governing trade, local and international business such competition laws, employment laws, Business ownership laws, health and safety laws, foreign and local trade regulatory, fair competition bodies as well as environment protection laws main objectives is to make sure the business running smooth. Economic British Multination enterprises are interested in invest in a country where a GDP is heading toward good direction, this is good conducive environment for growth of business Also British MNE prefer to engage in international business in a countries which their economies are growing and their citizen has disposable income in sense that this will provide market as well as access to raw material. British MNE prefer to invest in countries which have national comparative advantage, such as huge population as well as huge market, good climatically condition availability of natural resources such gas, oil and minerals. British MNE also interested to invest in a country which has efficient money supply low interest rate British MNE are highly consider types of economic system, preferred capitalism where by supply and demand is controlled by markets Multinational Enterprises interested to operate in countries which are not prone to recession and depression, due to the fact these affect companies profitability.. Technological factor Advancement in Information and telecommunication technologies (ICT) and innovation contribute for multination enterprises to participate in international business, technologies such as internet, teleconferencing, where company headquarters can have two ways communication with scattered branches around the world. Transport Innovation, development of maritime technology and existence of many airline companies, contribute MNE to engage in international business Transportation innovation, Development of maritime technology and existence of many airline companies in transportation system lead easier to fly around the world at competitive fares and conduct business. Many international companies inject huge sum of capital in research and development to come up with a newer, better and innovative products due to increase of competition among international companies as well growing of consumer pressure due to increase in of income Social factors Multinational enterprises interested to operate in country which there is large population, hence be a market of the products and services provided by these multinational companies, many multinational companies interested to operate in china, India and most of African countries due to large population. Due to powerful economies of western countries and globalization, social culture and life style affects other societies, such as Africans and Asian societies adopt a western culture, and hence create opportunity for MNE to engage in international business Ansoff Matrix Model Source; tuitor2u.net Ansoff Matrix Model is one strategic tools objectives, and most well-known framework for deciding upon strategies for growth, the firms which attempts to grow depend on wither its market to a new or existing products or in a new or existing markets Market Penetration is when a firm decides to market existing products to its customer, the aim is to maintain or increase market share to the existing products to customers and increase usage of existing customers Strategies such as, competitive pricing strategy, advertising, sales promotion and also personal selling as well as aggressive promotional campaign and led market to be unattractive for competitors. Market Development, Is when firm decide to sell its existing product into new market, firm can implement this strategy by, by moving into new geographical areas such as exporting to a new country, new product dimension or packaging, new distribution channel or different pricing strategies which can attract new customer. Products Development, is the growth strategy where by firm introduce new products into existing markets, strategies such as upgrading which can appeal to existing markets Diversification, is the growth strategy where by firms decide to market new products to a new markets, diversification can relate or unrelated depending with company policies. Strategies to execute in recession period In period of Economic Recession many multinational enterprises should review their growth strategies, due recession which affect the prosperity their business, By using Ansoff Matrix Model as strategic tools for growth, Multinational Enterprise can adopt this in survive. The first strategy should be execute for multinational companies in a recession period is cut operation cost and reaming with core business in order to survive The appropriate strategy, which Multinational Enterprise can execute, is by market development strategy, where by firm can decide to shut down their operations in countries which affected with recession due to the fact recession affect purchasing power, hence people fails to buys products and services, firms can decide to operate in countries which economy is growing. Other Strategies which can be adopted by the Multinational enterprises is diversification strategy where by firms can decide to market new products to a new markets, a Multination company can decide to diversity their business and start new business e.g. electricity firm can decide to enter into hotel business but there is lot of risk to be considered before making decision to diversify Multinational Enterprises can decide to diversify their operation into new emerging market, and which are not affected with recession, countries such as china, India and Brazil. Globalization is the broadening set of interdependent relationships among people from different parts of a worlds thatà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s to be divided into nations, the growth of globalization has accelerated due to advancement in information and telecommunication technologies such as internet, teleconferencing, Enterprise resource planning (ERPs),Knowledge management (KM), Customer relationship Management (CRM). I do agree that the benefit of new technologies will off-set the in investment in RD. in one perspective but in other circumstances new technologies might increase investment in RD, this can argued as follows. New technologies help multinational companies; to reduce cost as well as time which were previously invested in RD due to the fact the time taken to come up with the new product is essential due to competition among multinational companies Development of new application software, such has designing and drawings software, CAD, 3Ds helps companies to design a products which meets customers taste and preferences to customer across the world. Internet technologies help multinational companies to advertise and sell their products and services on line around where it can reach many customers at a low cost. Internet technologies also helps RD departments in multinational companies to get instant review about their products, such as how customer perceive that products, their weaknesses. This feedback helps companies to come with the newer and innovative products in the market. In other circumstances new technologies in RD contribute to increasing competition to multinational companies, due to the fact barriers for entry become low, companies now days can but these technologies on shelves and entering into business. Despite of new technology, in RD, the competition become stiff, due to emerging economies such as china, India have decide to engaged in international business. New technologies helps to reduce investment in RD but also create new challenges due to the fact many small emerging companies used technology as strategy to engage in international business, and create stiff competition.

The Strategy To Raise Standards In British Prisons

The Strategy To Raise Standards In British Prisons Political and Academic interest in the privatization of British Prisons has steadily risen since its sudden revival during the 1980s and 1990s. This interest has been precipitated by a rapid rise in the prison population and the directly related escalation of running costs and difficulties of running a consistently efficient service. Privatization was seen by many policy-makers as providing an important step forward towards improving conditions, bringing about change and innovation, and improving the overall quality of the British prison system. The private sector was believed to be capable of delivering a better standard of service with greater efficiency and a higher degree of accountability. Subsequently, the last decade has seen a steady growth of private sector involvement in the British prison system. This essay will examine the argument that privatization offers an important strategy to raise standards within Britains prisons and consider any problems associated with this appr oach. The privatisation of corrections is now understood to mean some form of the ownership or management of prisons by private corporations. The role of the private sector in contemporary corrections is, however, much broader than this narrow definition. Savas (1987) points out that the private sector is involved in corrections in five distinct ways. It may: (1) finance and construct prisons; (2) operate facilities for juveniles; (3) operate facilities for adults; (4) provide work for prisoners, and (5) provide specific contractual services, such as health care and vocational education for inmates and staff. The recent move towards the privatization of British prisons has been largely based on the substantial increase of the prison population. Between 1993 and 1996 the UK prison population increased from 43,000 to 54,000, a rate of about 100 per 100,000 of the entire population. This rapid rise has led to widespread overcrowding and a decrease in standards, making living conditions for many prisoners highly unpleasant. Prisoners overall health has deteriorated and suicide and self-mutilation rates have climbed rapidly. Added to this, staff morale has also fallen and widespread scepticism of the value and objective of prisoner programmes has grown. It has been clear for some time that widespread changes and new strategies are needed in order to tackle the problems within the prison system. The main priorities for improving the system have included; increasing prison capacity, introducing working practices that are more accommodating and flexible for prison and probation staff and the need for greater accountability from those responsible for running prison services. The claim that all this could be achieved at substantially reduced costs simply by encouraging greater private sector involvement in the delivery of penal policy has been increasingly seen by some as a quick fix solution to many of the penal systems most pressing problems (Cavadino Dignan, 2002: 227) It is important to now look at how it is proposed that privatizing Britains prisons will lead to such improvements in standards. Supporters of the privatization of Britains prisons argue that there are a number of potential benefits directly associated with the commercial competition that privatization would produce. For example, through the creation of a market force private organisations would be encouraged to maintain and indeed improve upon high standards of cost effectiveness and efficiency in order to achieve the successful renewal of current government contracts and to compete for new service contracts. Logan Rausch (1985) suggest that due to the way they are financed public sector organisations are inefficient and ineffective. As the private sector is motivated by competition and profit it is dedicated to providing maximum satisfaction to its clients and customers at a minimum cost. Alternatively, in the public sector; bureaucrats are rewarded not according to the performanc e of their organization but according to the size and budget of their agencies, thus they are more interested in empire building than in increasing their efficiency. Beyens Snacken also examine this point, arguing that; Proponents claim that privatization is the best way to decrease costs and construct new, better designed prisons more quickly. By introducing the element of competition and new management techniques, better quality for less money can be achieved. It is stated that private correctional services can operate more efficiently, because of less bureaucratic red tape and a higher motivation to control costs. Privatization, many claim leads to heightened accountability within the prison system. It is argued that the government is in an ideal position to impose strict guidelines and include detailed service standards within contracts, making companies readily accountable and putting them at risk of financial penalties for failure to fulfil them. As the government no longer have to defend its own shortcomings it can be more active in challenging private companies for failing to meet contractual obligations. Most private contractors accept and appreciate the value of full time independent monitors who are present within private prisons acting as an additional guarantee of contract compliance. Public sector prisons do not have similar fully independent monitors. Also, healthy competition between private sector rivals would also have a regulatory effect as agencies are inclined to monitor each others performance for weaknesses and failings in order to gain a commercial advantage. It is clear that the primary rationale for passing the management of prisons into private hands is that they are expected to operate at lower running costs than those controlled by the Home Office. If success is to be measured on effective cost-cutting and meeting required standards of service, supporters of privatization are convinced that a sustained push in this direction will produce positive results. It has been estimated that the running costs of private prisons are 15-25 per cent below those of state prisons (Tilt, 1995). A prison review in 1997, stated that privately run prisons on average, offered an operational cost saving of 8-15 per cent. A Parliamentary Select Committee in 1996-97 looked at the management of offenders in the public and private sectors. It reported that an expansion of the private sector would lead to an increase in efficiency in the public sector. It concluded that private prisons were operating well in terms of quality of performance, and that their ove rall performance was as good as, and in some cases better than, publicly administered prisons. However, critics argue that recent improvements in the efficiency of public sector prisons have led to a continuous narrowing in the operating cost saving offered by privately operated prisons so that by 1998 the differential had been reduced to 2-11 per cent (Woodbridge, 1999). Those against privatization also argue that any reduced running costs comes at a high price; to the detriment of the number of staff employed, staff wages, conditions of employment and working conditions (Joyce, 2001:221). For example, it has been reported that contracted-out prisons, often favouring high technology security measures, have on average 16 per cent fewer staff per prisoner than public sector prisons. Also pay and conditions for staff at private sector prisons are often poor in comparison with the public sector. Salaries are 14 per cent lower and members of staff deliver on average 10 per cent more working hours per week. These factors may account to some degree for the high levels of staff turno ver at private prisons, reported to be approximately 30 per cent. The usefulness of privatization and indeed its principles have been widely criticised and numerous problems that it potentially produces have been identified. Firstly, many critics focus the emphasis on the traditional notion of privatization a concept already partially discredited in the western world because of its association with inflated profiteering and the abandonment of the public interest (Harding, 1997: 1). It is heavily argued that the running of Britains prisons for profit has very negative consequences. This serious criticism of privatization is that the profit motive is entirely incompatible with successful prison administration. In order to make profit, private organisations are dependent on receiving a continually high supply of inmates into their institutions. There are numerous examples of how this may affect the treatment of offenders and prisoners. Early release times for prisoners may potentially be discouraged or ignored when prison numbers are relatively low. Also, government and other leading political policy-makers may be inclined to put pressure on legislators to create directives and pass acts that are both decisively custody based and increasingly punitive. Another factor that must be taken into account due to the reliance of private contractors on prisoner numbers for profit is the issue of overcrowding. One of the key ideas promoting privatization is the improvement of standards and living conditions for prisoners, private prisons may develop a tendency towards increasing prisoner numbers in order to raise profits leading to overcrowding and its inherent problems This argument clearly reveals how the underlying commercial motivation of private organisations can have serious repercussions for the manner in which private prisons are run, posing serious and seemingly unanswerable questions to those who absolutely support privatization. Another major concern with privatization is that there will be an increased emphasis on security, to the detriment of attempts to reform or rehabilitate prisoners. The contract between the Home Office and a private company does not require the contractor to help inmates lead good and useful lives (Joyce, 2001: 221). Most criminologists agree that the rehabilitation and education of prisoners is a crucial function of the penal system. It is hard to disagree with both Durham (1989) and Shichor (1995) who maintain that the changing penal trend away from rehabilitation and training towards containment, incapacitation and deterrence has hastened the acceptance of privatization as a viable policy option. From a financial perspective, more prisons means more outlay. Prisons are expensive capital items with high running costs. Thus, there is considerable attraction in any policy designed to reduce those costs. In addition, the incapacitation or protection of the public function is an easier administrative task to hand over to private companies and their employees than the treatment and training of offenders (Genders, 2002). By failing to provide any rehabilitation and training to offenders, private prisons become institutions with the sole function of punishing prisoners through incapacitation for profit. Another potentially serious pitfall of widespread privatization is that the government may become reliant on the services of a handful of powerful companies; this could result in the government to some extent being held to ransom and thus be forced to pay higher prices in order to continually increase the profits of the private sector organisations. This potential problem is magnified where private prison operators are contracted to take over the entire running of an institution, including initially building it, owning it and managing it, as is now to be the case for all future tendered contracts in England and Wales. A key question that remains unanswered is whether, in remaining paymaster but delegating service delivery, the state truly does retain control over standards whether in fact there still is present that degree of public accountability and control that must always be requisite when the state exercises its ultimate power of restraint and punishment over the citizen ( Hard ing, 1997: 2)? A final criticism of privatization is based on the limited indicators of how private prisons have performed up to now. Despite the previously discussed increased emphasis on a security focused approach within private prisons, it seems that there are serious control issues within them. Virtually all privately-managed prisons have experienced serious control problems, at least during the initial period after opening. In most cases the problems appear to have been more severe, and more intractable, than would normally be expected in the case of a comparably newly-commissioned public sector prison (Cavadino Dignan, 2002: 247) In conclusion, the involvement of the private sector in Britains prison system has so far been limited to the delivery of particular services; the government has retained responsibility for producing and implementing changes in policy and for monitoring the performance and standards of private prisons. Proponents of privatization claim that it has and can continue to improve standards of service and efficiency, whilst also cutting running costs. As Tabarrok (2003: 10) argues We now know that private prisons can be built more quickly, operated at lower cost, and maintained at a quality level at least as high as government-run prisons. However, many writers dispute such claims and believe that a continued government policy towards privatization as a method of improving the British prison service is deeply flawed and may become a barrier to developing a programme of fundamental change aimed at improving the standards of the whole of the prison system. Privatization as an ideology and as a practice is not only unlikely to provide a remedy for the malaise affecting the prison system; it could easily become a major part of the problem (Cavadino Dignan, 2002: 255). Despite serious criticisms; the future of private prisons is not clear. We do not know whether it will become a viable alternative to government run prisons or remain a small segment of the correctional system as it is today, or if it will be only a temporary phenomenon (Schihor, 1995: 18). Overall, whether private sector involvement in running Britains prisons increases or decreases in the long-term remains to be seen. It is clear, however, that the debate surrounding the subject will continue to flourish at least until clear indicators of the performance of private prisons are revealed. Evidence, so far, provides few answers. As Liebling Sparks, (2002: 283) conclude; Some former doubters and critics have been converted. Some predicted disasters have not transpired; and many privately managed institution s appear on available indicators to have operated at least as well (or put another way no worse than) their directly managed counterparts. References Beyens, K. Snacken, S. (1996) Prison Privatization: An International Perspective in Matthews, R. Francis, P. (eds.) (1996) Prisons 2000: An International Perspective on the Current State and Future of Imprisonment, Basingstoke: MacMillan Press Ltd. Cavadino, M. Dignan, J. (2002) The Penal System: An Introduction (3rd edition), London: Sage Publications Ltd. Genders, E. (2002) Legitimacy, Accountability and Private Prisons in Punishment and Society: The International Journal of Penology (2002) Vol. 4 (3): 285-303. Harding, R. W. (1997) Private Prisons and Public Accountability, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. James, A. L. et al. (1997) Privatizing Prisons: Rhetoric and Reality, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Joyce, P. (2001) Crime and the Criminal Justice System, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Liebling, A. and Sparks, R. (2002) Editors Preface, in Punishment and Society: The International Journal of Penology (2002) Vol. 4 (3): 283-284. Lilly, R. J. Knepper, P. (1992) An International Perspective on the Privatisation of Corrections, in The Howard Journal (1992) Vol. 31 (3): 174-191. Schihor, D. (1995) Punishment for Profit: Private Prisons/Public Concerns, London: Sage Publications. Tabarrok, T. (ed) (2003) Changing the Guard: Private Prisons and the Control of Crime, California: The Independent Institute.

E-commerce Essay -- Business and Management Studies

E-commerce Explain what is meant by the term ‘E-commerce’. It is the conducting of business communication and transactions over networks and through computers. As most restrictively defined, electronic commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services, and the transfer of funds, through digital communications. However EC also includes all inter-company and intra-company functions (such as marketing, finance, manufacturing, selling, and negotiation) that enable commerce and use electronic mail, EDI, file transfer, fax, video conferencing, workflow, or interaction with a remote computer. Electronic commerce also includes buying and selling over the Web, electronic funds transfer, smart cards, digital cash (e.g. Mondex), and all other ways of doing business over digital networks. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of E- Commerce information systems. Both the consumer and the supplier of a product can benefit from when using Electronic Commerce many obvious advantages. The consumer can browse through a whole shopping mall from the comfort of his or her own home, and products can be purchased and delivered right to their home. E-Commerce removes the hassle of crowds and line-ups from the consumer's routine. The supplier has the advantage of keeping their store open twenty four hours a day, seven days a week - without having to hire the staff to maintain it which saves a lot of money which means they can focus on better prices for their products and greater profits. The Internet opens up the customer base widely, allowing many customers the opportunity to view their product. First, businesses can communicate with customers easily. The business can receive and send e-mails from/to customers. This allows customers to quickly get in contact with the business. This can also be done to suppliers is well. This means that the business will forge closer relationships with customers and suppliers. In addition, e-commerce allows customers to look at the businesses products from their home. This means that customers will be able to look or buy the product at any time rather than only when they go shopping. Also with the business being on the internet it will mean that that the business will be able to aim their will be easy to access and that more people can see their product. Moreover, it is said that trad... ... First, careful design of documentation will aid the prevention of unintentional errors in recording and processing. Besides, the accurate processing of a transaction document requires those responsible to carry out the organisation’s procedures correctly. These should be specified in a procedures manual. Furthermore, separation of functions is aimed at preventing fraud. If a single member of staff were to be in charge of carrying out all the procedures connected with a transaction then it would be possible, and might be tempting, for that person to create fraudulent transactions. When these functions are separated and placed in the hands of different individuals, fraud may still be tempting but will be less possible. A business relies on its personnel. So, personnel must be selected and trained effectively to ensure that they are competent to carry out the tasks required of them. Also, physical controls may be used as a preventive measure; avoiding illegal loss of assets such as cash is to exclude staff from unnecessary access to these assets. A range of physical controls may be used to prevent access – locks, safes, and stout doors are obvious methods.

Context and Contradictions in Platos Phaedrus and Platos Symposium Es

Context and Contradictions in Plato's Phaedrus and Plato's Symposium It is well known that Plato, a devoted student of Socrates, chronicled many of Socrates' speeches and conversations. Every so often one can find instances where Socrates and other players in these conversations seem to contradict themselves, or at least muddle their arguments. One such occurrence of this is in Plato's Symposium and Plato's Phaedrus. Both texts speak of love in its physical sense, both texts describe love and its effects, and both discuss how it is best realized, yet they do this in very different fashions, and for different reasons. Plato's Phaedrus is a conversation between Socrates and Phaedrus. In this conversation the young Phaedrus is overjoyed to tell Socrates of the speech that he had just heard Lysias, "The best writer living" (Plato Phaedrus 22), tell. In this speech Lysias uses his rhetorical skills to argue that physical love without emotional attachment is preferable to physical love with emotional attachment, "That is the clever thing about it; he makes out that an admirer who is not in love is to be preferred to one who is" (Plato Phaedrus 22). Socrates listens to this speech, as relayed by Phaedrus and quickly becomes aware that this speech was a ploy by Lysias to get Phaedrus into bed with him. Socrates then fashions a speech, on the spot, that argues the same points that Lysias did. Socrates? speech is going well but is interrupted by "divine sign." Socrates then has to fashion a new speech that renounces the blasphemous nature of the first. Socrates? second speech contains the famous image of l ove as a charioteer with two horses. He also addresses the nature of the soul and the effects that love has on it (which will be ... ...ut different contexts and thus different ideals. The differences in the manner in which they reference love is nothing short of appalling. It would seem as though Eros was a God who (and whose gifts) came under much criticism, so much so that Socrates and Phaedrus needed to define Eros, both the verb and the God. Then the same discussion takes place in Symposium but with quite a different outcome. Men are Men; they change, as do their ideas. In this case the change in ideas came from context; different goals were trying to be achieved. This does not mean that either text is more or less valid or has more or less value than the other. For in both Eros is still given his due. Works Cited: Plato. "Phaedrus." The Works of Plato. Trans. B. Jowett. New York: The Dial Press, n.d. Plato. The Symposium. Ed. Christopher Gill. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1999.

Determining of the equilibrium constant for the formation of FeSCN2+ Essay

Determining of the equilibrium constant for the formation of FeSCN2+ Introduction The objective of this experiment was to determine the equilibrium concentration and then determine Kc. A dilution calculation was formed to determine the concentration of SCN- and Fe(SCN)2+. Each cuvette was filled to the same volume and can be seen in table 1. Then the absorbances were recorded from each cuvette and can be seen in table 1. A Beer’s law plot was made from the data that was recorded from the optical absorbance. During the second part of the experiment Fe (NO3)3 was added and diluted with HNO3 . All of the cuvettes were mixed with the same solutions in the second part of the experiment, which can be seen in table 2. A dilution calculation was made to determine the initial concentration of Fe3+and SCN-. Then the formula Abs + b/ slope was used to determine the equilibrium concentration which lead to the calculation of each Kc per trial. Chemical reaction Fe3+ + SCN- FeSCN2+ Â  Conclusion: An acid and a base were mixed together throughout the experiment, which resulted in a bright orange color. It was determined that using the colorimeter at 565nm the would give the optimum wavelength because it was the closest absorbance to 430nm. All of the cuvettes were filled to 3mL so there would not be another dependent variable. Whenever Fe3+ would come in contact with SCN- there would be a color change. Relatively all of the Kc were close to each other as they should be because the only variable that affects a change Kc and the temperature was kept consent throughout the experiment. The average Kc from all five trials is 1.52 x 10 2.

Media Production: Television and Radio

Analyse the selected television news extracts (from the screening) showing your understanding and ability to apply Personalisation and impartiality to your own critical discussion. In this essay I will analyse ITV 1, BBC 1 and Channel 4’s News programmes. I will give detailed definitions of impartiality and personalisation; I will investigate the concepts of personalisation and impartiality and use them to critically evaluate the news. I will examine how these three news broadcasters incorporate personalisation and impartiality into their news programmes. I will now discuss the concepts of personalisation and define what personalisation is. ‘Personalisation wherever possible, events are seen as the actions of people as individuals thus the NHS cuts may be put on an agenda by Baby X not getting the operation s/he needs,’ (Branston & Stafford, 1996: 138). Branston and Stafford, imply that personalisation within the news is reporting the news and relating it to the general public or a social issue. This example of the NHS making cuts, and effecting baby x can be reported in a certain way that it affects the general public. For example, ‘you’ the viewer can suggest an individual person or social group being affected by something in the news. In this case the subject of a baby provides a human interest in the news story. Williams claims that, ‘There is no subject, no abstract thing that cannot be translated in terms of people’ (Williams, 1958: 220). An example of this concept in recent news is in The Sun newspaper, there is a story about the recent re-imprisonment of one of Jamie Buglers killer. ‘The Sun’ have set up a petition demanding the government to reveal the official reason for his return to jail. The newspaper then encourages the readers to add their names to a petition which they had set up on their website www. thesun. co. uk. This is an attempt to directly involve and engage with the reader, emotionally pulling them in by personalising the language. Private personalisation within the news has resulted in the news becoming dumbed down and info-tainment. There is an increasing amount of news broadcasters using personalisation in the news, wether it is citing the public, polls, public opinion, texts, online forums emails, vox pops, or the use of celebrity personalities, by using Twitter, Facebook or the broadcast forums. The infotainment debate is an argument about the relationship between television and public life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦according to the prevailing wisdom, TV news ought to conform as much as possible to the existing generic format of a serious newspaper’ (Creeber, 2001: 118-119). An example of infotainment can be seen when the news of John Terry’s affair was published. This story received more press converge than the upcoming general election. This asks the question, is the general public more interested in the sex life’s of footballers than an election that will affect their lifes? I will now move onto define the word impartiality; impartiality is defined as a, ‘sound practice that makes clear distinction between news reports and expressions of opinion. News reports should be free of opinion or bias of any kind’ (American Society of Newspaper Editors, 1923 in Allan 2004:22) In other words news broadcasters are legally required to broadcast unbiased and balance news reports. Ofcom state that news broadcasters have ‘to ensure that news, in whatever form, is reported with due accuracy and presented with due impartiality’. (www. ofcom. org. k/tv/ifi/codes/bcode/undue/) Impartiality associated with objectivity ‘the word objectivity is rarely used by regulators, but is substituted by words such as ‘impartially’, ‘accuracy’, ‘balance’ and ‘fairness’ ‘they use a set of devices that they can argue that their reporting is unbiased’ (Creeber, 2001: 117) Habermas (cited in Brom ley) argues that, â€Å" in social democracies such as Britain,TV news, because of its institutional position of (quasi) independence from the state and its statutory obligations towards impartiality and public service ideals,can serve to facilitate that ‘realm of social life’ which is available to all citizens and in which and through which ‘something approaching public can be formed. (2001:61) I will now move on to analyse the BBC, Channel 4, and ITV news programmes, discussing the broadcaster views and policies and how they use personalization and impartiality in their news broadcasts All the news broadcasters mentioned Andy Murrays win at the Australian open, the presenters all used words like â€Å"we† can win and it’s â€Å"our† time the news broadcasts were all very patriotic and involved the viewer in the story. I noticed how the BBC used personalisation in their story about the two children found dead in the boot of their mother’s car in east Sussex, the news reader introduced the story with a soft sympathetic voice to set the tone of the story, they showed two still images one image of the children and one of the mother which gives an insight into what people has been effected by this atrocity. The BBC also asked the neighbours opinion on the story all of these tequnices are used by the BBC to involve the viewer in the story and to make the viewer think that this could have been there next door neighbour with such quotes as â€Å"it’s the same old story you would never it would happen in a place like this. ITVs take on the murder of the two children is a great deal more dramatised than the BBCs the reporter narrates â€Å"she is a happy little girl there is no clue no sign in this picture of the fate she faces why would there be† the reporter asks questions in the narration to make the viewer answer and become more involved in the story, there is shot of a mum and a young girl walking into a nursery school which basically sends the message to the viewer that this should have been the young girl and her mother. This was a good insight into what happened to the young children as the reporter points to the house to set the scene then recreates the journey the mum took by filming inside the car as the drivers point of view. ITV also asked the neighbours about their views on the situation, and the last image was very personal as it showed a message from the public or a family member saying sleep tight little babies. I noticed the similarities between ITV and Channel 4 news as their reports were very similar and so was there running order. After careful research I found out that both their news is provided by ITN who say they are ‘the world’s leading independent content provider, producing news, entertainment and factual content across a range of platforms. I found that ITN’s news was dramatized compared to the BBCs this is due to the fact that the BBC prides its self in being impartial and the most respected News broadcaster in the world. After watching the BBC news I spotted some impartiality between the different news stories, in the first story about the war in Afghanistan, the picture behind the news reader shows the British and Afghanistan leaders standing side by side which implies that both leaders are together in their fight to have peace in Afghanistan. The first couple of minutes showed pictures of solders and the military winning the fight against the Taliban. The reporter mentions in the story the number of British solders killed at war and is Impartial because it doesn’t mention anything about any innocent civilians killed. The public views on the war in Afghanistan are mixed but I felt that the BBC were in favour of the war as the reporter said â€Å"in a country where most can’t read or write† the solders have brought roads hospitals and schools to the area. And footage of a solder saying â€Å"we’re winning†. Even though the BBC supported â€Å"the troops† they were negative against both leaders saying â€Å"the leaders can’t guarantee to deliver on what they agreed today, the past few years in Afghanistan have been littered with failures. This was very impartial compared to the story of president Obama and his great American recession and job opportunities speech. The BBC report used positive words such as â€Å"not broken but bruised† and great programs failing to mention that he hasn’t delivered on many policies that he promised in his election speech. This story also got more airtime than the segment on the recent job losses in Sunderland and Burnley which asks the question is the BBC more concerned about the American recession or the U. K recession. The Obama story got more airtime because it is infotainment as Obama is a celebrity president and is associated with celebrities such as jay Z. Galtung and Ruge conducted an analysis of newspapers in which they identified certain factors as being worthy of the news. These factors included things such as frequency, the time medium in which the event could be reported, threshold, the proximity of the story in relation to the reader; elite persons and nations, stories concerning powerful people or places and personalisation as well as others. The more of these criteria a story fills the more news worthy it is. Cited in Harcup and O’Neill,2001, p 279) This format of selecting the news is repeated regularly as an example the ITV news again selects stories about elite people The ITV had a different view on the policy against the Taliban the news report used words such as bribe and buy off the Taliban negative words to suggest that the policy is not a good idea. The first shot was footage of a dead solders coffin being laid to rest. It used words such as â€Å"the man he died for† suggesting the solder gave his life for the Afghanistan president it then showed clips of the Taliban firing rockets at the solders. This was a completely different view compared to the BBCs images of the solders winning battles and the solders being surrounded by children. The ITVs short report on the troops in Afghanistan was similar to the BBCs as it was very much supporting the troops but disagreeing with the government. With quotes from a dead solders farther saying â€Å"I don’t think all his (Tony Blair) stories about fighting for a democracy are true† it leads us to believe that the government’s decision to go to war isn’t as supported as we might believe. While watching the Channel 4 news broadcast on the ‘Taliban buy out’ as the presenter called it I noticed a lot of tongue and cheek comments against the government’s initiative, the first shot behind the anchor man was of Gordon Brown and president Hamid Karzai shaking hands which implied deal done, the main argument of the Channel 4 news was basically the war has failed for example they said throughout the broadcast â€Å"the war has failed so far† and â€Å"after marching eight years in Afghanistan to nowhere†. And that this new strategy is rubbish, by calling it â€Å"plan B† and â€Å"the big Taliban buy out† the anchor man put the question to Gordon brown saying â€Å"why should the tax payers pay the Taliban who killed their sons to stop fighting and how do you know some people won’t pretend to be in the Taliban for the money? Gordon browns response was pretty poor which led me to believe that this mandate isn’t a good idea and isn’t going to work. I found that the Channel 4 news were very sarcastic even to the extent of saying â€Å"the UN, Nato, and †¦. the USA of course† implying that the USA involve themselves in everything, yet in my opinion the USA have as much say over the war in Afghanistan as the UK. It seems that all the news broadcasters when they were reporting about the war in Afghanistan were very careful not to say a bad word about the army, yet most of their quotes from the reporters or general public were negative against the government. It is hard to be impartial when broadcasting the news due to individual believes and values, organ, culture, political and social pressures pulse the time of when the event is happing. We are all bias to opinion so there is no such thing as impartiality In conclusion In this essay I have defined both personalisation and impartiality looked in-depth into television news showing how news broadcasters show impartiality and personalisation in their broadcasts. I have given recent examples to back up my arguments and given academic quotes to back up the theories I use in this essay.

How Creativity Has Been Applied to a Business Idea or Problem Essay

To make a business grow and achieve productive and efficient results you need to invoke creativity which has always been an essential business skill. Since long time creativity has been applied to a business world as companies seek to use it in all parts of the organization to make it gain more profits and to be exceptional from others. A business person has to find unique solutions every day and he has to know how to react to situation creatively. Richard Florida (2002) stated human creativity is the ultimate economic resource. The ability to come up with new ideas and better ways of doing things is ultimately what raises productivity and thus living standards. Every individual is creative. Creative person is defined as curious, optimistic, imaginative, hard – working. He enjoys challenges, are able to accept problems easily and see them as new opportunities also he does not give up easily. Each of us see things in different way people are used to see or do, we come up with c reative ideas and solutions which make us to explore our creativity in more depth. Creativity is a process from where creative ideas come from and creativity is personal skill which is essential in this process. Creative thinking skills and attributes explain how people are dealing with various problems or ideas. Skills such as imagination, problem – solving, taking – risks and reasoning help us to identify problems, find right solutions, generate and improve ideas also realize them and apply to business process. Intuition, motivation and flexibility make us to select a proper idea, explore different ways to combine and achieve it, improve attitude towards risk and eliminate boundaries. In order to achieve his purposes person has to be self– confident, determined and persistent. There are many ways how individual can improve or develop these skills. For example, JAV company ‘Sysco’ organized creative education seminars for their employers and results were stunning – every participant sales increased about 25 – 30 % bu t this is just one example how creativity has been developed in companies there are more ways to do that. First of all, we need to evolve ideas and understand that there is more than one problem solution also we have to perceive that each problem can be solved in a better or different way. The second way to improve creativity is called synthesis. Using this method more than to ideas are compared and from them combined into completely new idea. Also, in this report I would like briefly identify some of idea generation techniques which help to realize ideas in a particular business area. Smith (1998) identified 172 idea generating techniques which he allocated to smaller groups which tell us about each technique further. Idea generation technique is essential process of creativity. Brainstorming probably is the most important technique which involves generating a lot of ideas and solutions. Brainstorming was the first technique and it is called ‘the mother of all idea generation techniques’. Also, it can be used for both groups and individuals. Second technique is collaboration when group of people are working together on purpose to achieve a particular result. They share creative ideas between each other and make a final decision in order to improve the whole process. Reflection is third idea generation technique which concentrates on previous work when designers reconsider projects, schemes, plans or documents from where they can find a particular idea and develop it further. A fourth method is called socializing. It is about communicating with others about particular subject totally unrelated to the current work. Sketching similar to documenting reflects on drawing approximate scheme or plan of an idea. â€Å"In order to help individuals in the idea generation process, researchers have identified methods to stimulate creative thought, generate more ideas, and expand on the solution space.† Nowadays more and more organizations are using personality tests to evaluate their employees’ character, to find their motivations and goals, to understand their work techniques and creativity level also to discover their barriers which they need to improve in the future. Companies have started to use personality tests in the past five years so that they can find a potential employee’s strengths and weaknesses. If questions and answers are quite accurate and test is done properly it can help an employer to find more about person’s advantages and disadvantages. It is very important to know because one of the most important points is that most of personality tests help to recognize unqualified candidates. â€Å"Although experts warn that many personality assessments don’t deliver what they promise, legitimate scientifically validated tests are helping employers evaluate job candidates to select those best suited for particular positions. Other tests are designed to measure intelligence, honesty, management aptitude and other qualities.† Napoleon Hill stated ideas are the beginning points of all fortunes. When you have a great business idea it is not enough just have it somewhere in your brain, the second thing to do is to rea lize it in other words it is called idea feasibility. Same as this American author stated by having a successful idea you can open doors to new opportunities and attract fortune. The idea is like a new product which can be applied to a new business. The more successful the product is the better results it will give in the future. In this case creative thinking helps to discover new and useful ideas also it leads to new business opportunities. Realize your business idea is possible in many different ways. For instance, you can start networking with various potential business people from all over the world also you can organize a highly creative team and start working on a particular idea. Opportunities and ways are endless it is belong to you, your creativity level and idea success. The final step after idea feasibility is action planning. Once the idea is considered and discussed you need to think about the way how it will work and how long it will takes to you to achieve your aim. â€Å"Action planning is a process which will help you to focus your ideas and to decide what steps you need to take to achieve particular goals that you may have. It is a statement of what you want to achieve over a given period of time.† As every planning process it involves some of basic steps which I would like to identify in my further research. Before you start setting a plan you need to be self-motivated and innovative because our goals have to motivate us to achieve them, but not to be too difficult and unreal. Also, you have to think about all possible ways which can make you closer to your aim. Do not forget to think about barrier which you may meet during a working period and try to find solutions how to cope with them effectively. When you start working on your plan you need to identify the main objectives. The second step is to prioritize each task, what need to be done first and what after. Once the list is done, you have to start working and use your own initiat ive, some people prefer working individually others may like to work in a team, it is important to choose your preferable work technique then work will be done quicker. Also, one of the most important steps is to finish the work to a deadline. To sum up, effective planning gives us basic steps so that we would be able to reach our objectives and it helps us to realize our ideas. In this report I have considered the main topics of creativity and it process. I explained how creativity has been applied in business process and organizations. Which personal qualities make individuals be more creative and how they can apply these skills to realize business ideas or solve problems creatively. Which part personality tests take in a business companies and what is the main meaning of them, why employers use this technique when they want to select the right participant to take a place in the organization. As well as, I considered the main factors about idea feasibility and explained techniques which are essential to idea generation. I identified the basic steps of action planning also described them in more depth so that it would be more easy to understand and try it in practice. If you consider yourself being creative you have to start setting a plan how to realize your ideas and you may have considerable results in the future. Creativity is a substantial tool which lead people to find right decisions and solve problems using their own initiative or special methods which are unusual for those who are not creative. It helps to set new strategies and products that employers apply to business. â€Å"It is highly likely that your creativity has been diminished by social norms and life experience, but it can be fostered and revived. You may not even think you are creative, but that is not true. â€Å"Creativity is our birth right it is part of what makes us human.† List of References University of Kent (2010) Action Planning [online] available from < http://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/sk/skillsactionplanning.htm> [26 December 2010] The CBS Interactive Business Network (2002) Personality counts: Psychological tests can help peg the job applicants best suited for certain jobs – Cover Story [online] available from < http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_2_47/ai_83058907/> [27 December 2010] SCORE Counselors to America’s Small Business (2010) How to Incorporate Creativity into Your Business Practice [online] available from < http://www.score.org/article_how_to_creativity.html> [27 December 2010] The IEEE Computer Society (2008) Idea Generation Techniques among Creative Professionals [online] available from [28 December 2010]