Historical Background Of Foster Care In Ireland Social Work Essay

Historical Background Of entertain plow In Ireland Social Work EssayIn order to amply appreciate the present situation of nourish tutorship in Ireland, an insight into the bygone history of raise similar lead be told. There has been a long tradition of fostering in Ireland. Foster c ar was present in the past, it was make outn as fosterage. It potty be seen during the Brehon laws. pip-squeakren from families of all classes were put into condole with of another(prenominal)wise families. This influence of economic aid was to lighten somewhat of the pressure for space in the home. This whitethorn swallow been as families were quiet large in the past and in addition financial difficulties. It also included peasantren who were abandoned and leaseed the encourage and protection (Robins).The Brehon laws acted as the legal laws in Ireland and created cardinal types of fosterage on where no remuneration was given and the other where a few is given (Shannon, 2005). Fost er parents in both lessons were to maintain their foster boor to there rank. It was under a legal contract to keep and for the peasant until the period of was fosterage was not being cared for sufficiently, the chid was to be returned to there family home (O Higgins, 1996).Foundations of the present law around foster care were developed with the introduction of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1862. This provided sisterren being billing out to families who were not in rub down houses (O Higgins, 1996).The Infant Life security measures Act of 1897 presents where our upstart system has originated from. This complicated the appointment of females to inspect the conditions in which the children lived in, it also gave power that if not up to standards the child could be removed and fixed in with families.Under the Health Act of 1953, health boards were empowered which provided for a major shift towards foster care. The arrangements that were introduced in boarding of childrens regula tions in 1954, included victual around the issue of being boarded out, organisation in an approved school or if over 14 place in employment (Task Force, 1980).Providing to be an outstanding piece of legislation was the childrens act of 1908. It stated that a child who was neglected or abuse could be placed in the care of a work someone (O Higgins, 1996)Foster CareFoster care as previously discussed was a main expression towards the need for recognition of the rights of the child. Development in this theatre of operations for acceptance that the child has needs of their own has led to the system of foster care that provides personalised family care that the workhouses and institutions could not provide. (Kelly and Gilligan, 2000, pg 7-8)Offers care in family settingOffers care in communicationOffers opportunity to make attachment relationship to committed foster parentsIt support permit children to be attached and identify with family of originIt potentiometer include the chi lds family in care of childIt rouse provide care and support into adulthoodIt can channel extra support from the agency for the child and carers(Kelly and Gilligan, 2000, pg 8)Modern child protection procedures are not sufficient as to make up a childs placement plan alone. It is more complex, as child care professionals now see the importance of individualisation and providing not only the physical care but the attachment and emotional needs ought to be provided for also (Kelly Gilligan, 2000). Children need to be placed in an environment where there needs are met, wishes can be supported and they can make individual choices for the incoming (Coakley, Cuddleback, Cox, 2007)Foster care is not a simple method of caring for a child most children have stimulated some form of trauma, whitethorn have been hurt or may have health or behaviour problems (Task Force, 1980). This calls for foster carers to be understanding and accept their emotions through being beautiful and caring. Th is can be a basis for the start of developing a relationship with the child (Fahlberg, 2004).The emergence of congress care in Ireland has proved dear to families. Keeping in with familys tradition and connection helps the development of childs identity, the surfacing of partnership as a key principle in child care (Broad, 2001). edict in Foster CareFirstly the researcher leave behind examine the legislation in relation to comparative foster care in Ireland.Child Care A ct 1991There is a clear promotion for the welfare of children in the Child Care Act 1991. The health board has a statutory duty to identify children who are not receiving adequate care and protection (RWGFC). The welfare of the child is paramount and where steal the board is to give attachment to the wishes of the child based on their age and maturity (RWGFC).If complaisant operate are to meet the needs of children going into foster care then they must, among other things, listen to the child and include the children where possible in the decision making handle (Kelly Gilligan, 2000). A plan is made which outlines aims and objectives for the placement and detailed guidelines for support to be given to the child, foster parents and natural parents (Shannon, 2005).UN Convention on the Rights of the ChildThe UN Convention was ratified in Ireland in 1992. It includes articles providing rights that relate to the childs life. It involves protection of the child from any form of discrimination and states the best interest of the child shall be held where possible when action is being considered which involves the child. It recognises the childs right to be protected and provided for. Foster care is mentioned in clause 20, stating that it is a substitute care provider when the parent or guardian fails to do so. This shows that foster care is a recognised as a satisfactory and appropriate form of care.Children Act 2001The health board as stated in Section 23P requires at least 30 days notice for a snobby foster care placement to be arranged ad for an emergency foster care arrangement the health board requires notice at heart 14 days agree to Section 23P2 (Shannon, 2005). At the time of notification, the health board has to be provided with the sufficient information around the foster placement (Shannon, 2005).It is say that the welfare of the child should be a primary concern to the foster parent. Section 23U allows for three interventions which the health board are obliged to use if the avocation occur. If it comes to the health boards attention that a private foster care arrangement has been arranged without notification to them or that the carers are not providing for the safety and welfare of the child then the interventions which can be implemented include a supervision order, an order to recede the child and put into care or an instruction to block the order (Shannon, 2005).National Standards of Foster CareThe national standards for foster care were devised following concerns around the quality of foster care services. These concerns were highlighted by the Report of the working(a) Group on Foster care, Foster Care A child Centred Partnership (NSFC).The standards were developed by a committee who gathered information from experiences from individuals and organisations who work in the area of foster care and from a representative group of young people currently in foster care (NSFC).The National Standards for Foster Care 2003 provide guidelines on the provisions of quality foster care within the existing legislative framework (Shannon, 2005)There are 25 standards in all the first 13 standards take into consideration the standard of care of the child including quality of response to factors around the childs needs and services required, whilst sticking to the germane(predicate) legislation (NSFC).The 2nd section involving the standards 14 to 17 are in relation to the judgment operation of possible suitable foster carers and the trai ning and support they require to provide for successful foster placements (NSFC).The final 8 standards are aimed at the duties and responsibilities of the health board. These standards provide guidelines which aim to promote the quality of services provided by the foster care professionals and Health Board (NSFC).The Child Care (Placement of Children with Relatives) RegulationsThe Regulations where put in place in 1995 as section 39 of the Child Care Act 1991 requiring the Minister for Health and Children to make regulations in relation to foster care. These regulations are directed at children who have been placed with a relative.The health board must pay attention to the rights and duties of the parents but the board must consider and consult with the child on his or her preferences (Shannon, 2005). Certain procedures must be implemented and fulfilled prior to the placement of a child in a foster care setting (Shannon, 2005). In relation to the welfare of the child needing to be c onsidered, being placed in a family members home can bring conflict between relative carers and the brook family, so if this conflict cannot be colonised then other placement should be considered (Shannon, 2005).Once the relative carers have lawful custody of the child, member 16 of the regulations directs that the relatives take all reasonable stairs to ensure the promotion of the childs health, development and welfare. In addition to the above many other factors contribute to the regulations. A relative intending to care for the child, must in according to Article 5 give in certain information regarding their health, two referees, examine into the relatives background such as criminal charges and any other relative information to the Health Board (Shannon, 2005).According to Article 12, the Health Board has to keep records of the children in foster care, including personal details of the child, an up to date case record containing certain documents (Shannon, 2005). In additio n to this, the health board may visit the child as stated in the care plan. Whatever the arrangements made, Article 17 calls that the foster placement has visitation from an authorised member of the health board at least once every three months for the first two years (Shannon, 2005).To ensure the above aims of the childs placement, it is recommended that the case should be reviewed in terms of the successive of the placement and the possibility of the childs return to their natural familys home (Shannon, 2005).A foster care arrangement will end when the child reaches 18 years. Other possible reasons are that the child returns to their family home or at the request of the relative carers (Shannon, 2005).Assessment Process in Relation toRelative Foster CarersThere are certain issues around the appraisal process that are a endeavour for concern. Certain developments and amendments need to be applied to provide the best opportunity for foster care placements to be successful.In trala titious foster care the assessment process lasts for a length of nine months commonly, this process has to occur before the child is placed in the foster home. In comparison relative care, this process of assessment usually occurs after the child is placed with relatives due to the rapid movement of the child (Kelly Gilligan, 2000). A decision for the child to be placed with relatives is usually in the midst of a crisis. The family can be approached by the agency or the family themselves may contact the agency. As there are different regulations for traditional foster care and relative foster care, and the placement of the children occurs at different times, then it is questionable that there should be different assessment criteria (Kelly Gilligan, 2000).In recent studies, it shows that suffer families themselves had preference to relatives caring for their children rather than with a home outside the family. Depending on the route to which the child entered relative care, eithe r by agency glide path the relatives or the relatives approaching the agency, this can cause conflicting tensions between families (OBrien in Broad, 2001). The decision to take on the care of a grandchild is not an easy one. If the carry parents are not happy with the Health Service Executives decision to place their child in care, it can become a dilemma (Climo et al, 2002).The model of assessment of relative care is the same used for traditional foster parents. This is not right for relative carers as they have a connection with the child and family, the process is different to which they become known to the agency and the fact the placement is already made (OBrien in Broad, 2001). The assessment process of placement of a child with a relative usually occurs in two stages. The first is a preliminary assessment of the relatives if the agency is content with the outcome then they proceed with the placement of the child. When the child is residing in the relatives family home the f ormal assessment process occurs (Kelly Gilligan, 2000).The following issues were found in a study done by David Pitcher assessing grandparents. The grandparents felt up addled when being assessed and feared giving sensible giving certain answers would result in their grandchildren not being placed with them. The process needs to be explained and the grandparents informed on the reason behind it to allow the process to be carried out in an honest manner (Pitcher in Broad, 2001). As grandparents have not planned to take on the full time care of a child, the can see un civilized. Placement of the child usually occur mid crisis so it can cause the grandparents to feel stressed as they face meeting the criteria that is judge of them (Coakley et al, 2007). Social workers need to work with the grandparents in preparing them to cope with the challenges to promote successful placement and to facilitate these pending placements (Coakley et al, 2007).If the process is not explained prop erly this can lead to difficulty between the social worker and the grandparents. The grandparents can feel overwhelmed by the depth their private lives are being looked into. They can find this process minus and very intrusive and also it can be a frightening experience for them (Kelly Gilligan, 2000)As the process begins the grandparent should be given a written copy of the format of the interview. The social worker needs to give an honest explanatory description to the grandparents to prepare them for the process ahead. The aim of the social worker is to get an idea of the carers personality, to look at practical issues i.e. housing schools and to discuss together the perceived length that the placement will be (Broad, 2001)It can be of some reassurance for the birth parents that the child is going to live with people they know and may trust. The child can have different feelings of moving homes as in a study by Terling, 2003 found that trauma can be reduced when the child knows the person that will care for them rather than a stranger. Although the grandparent must ac intimacy that while the child does know the grandparent, it does not reduce all of the stress and trauma that the child may experience when moving into another form of care (Broad, 2001). Also, the relationship between the grandparent and child must be looked at, questions need to be asked by the social workers such as does the grandparent actually like their grandchild and is there a understanding of belonging for the child (Broad, 2001). Training should be specific to the carers needs.Parenting the Family CycleThe individual life vibration takes place within the family life cycle which is the primary context of human development (Carter Goldrick, 1988, pg 4).In early adult hood it can be expected that a couple will become parents of the younger generation, this can be an exciting period in a persons life. This new subprogram that they adopt can involve responsibility in the childs dev elopmental process and having post in acting out parental roles to their children (Carter Goldrick, 1988).Perspectives of the role in later life are viewed as having less responsibilities and more time to reflect and relax. An older person is thought to experience retirement, dependency of others preferably their children or younger relatives, a sense of financial insecurity, possible loss of friends through death and the difficult time when a spouse dies (Carter Goldrick, 1988). Although this is a very much generalised view, these experiences do occur.Grandparenthood can nominate a person a sense of being and bring joy to their life. Becoming a grandparent can create new motivation and add fulfilment to an elderly person life. It creates opportunities for them to experience a new role and to develop a special close relationship (Carter Goldrick, 1988). Grandparents have a good stance in their family network because they are not the parents of the children but they have a cari ng and thoughtful interest in their grandchilds development (Brubaker, 1985, citied in Bernades, 1997). A grandparents role has no clear guidelines, they can adopt rules but in remembering that they do not have the same authority that they had with their own children. Instead, grandparents can crossbreed and indulge in their grandchildren (Bernades, 1997).There are different styles of grand parenting involving different characteristics. The types of relationships they hold with their grandchild can vary from being removed to authoritarian and being involved in their life with assuming responsibility but having love and care (Hammer Turner, 1990). This can have an effect when a grandparent becomes a full time carer for their grandchild. If the grandparent was distant then it can be harder to develop a bond that has been absent. In comparison if a grandparent has been involved and caring, then to gain authority and create rules it can take some time and adjustments (Hammer Turner , 1990). It involves a lot more responsibilities than previously needed. They will have to set mappings, assume responsibility in daily tasks and groom the child with essential skills and attend to the needs of the child (Hammer Turner, 1990).Grandparent hood can be seen as a second chance at parenting. This can be seen for grandparents when their own child has failed at their duty of parenting, the grandparent can become the main carer due to the fact that they feel part to blame. They may feel that in helping, they can fix the problem that they may have blame in (Hammer Turner). Another possible reason presented by Climo, 2002, seen that grandparents felt a commitment to the value of family continuity, they concord to take care of the family. Their commitment to both generations their child and grandchild meant they felt it was their responsibility to step in (Climo, 2002). Also grandparents may not want their grandchild to be placed with strangers and fear that they may lose contact with their grandchildren (Climo, 2002).Factors Attributing to Relative CareIt may be hard for the grand parent to deal with conflicting issues between themselves and the birth family so by introducing skills this can assist in managing family dynamics. This can essentially result in ensuring the best outcome for the childs welfare (Coakley et al, 2007). These include boundaries with birth parents, adopting care plan and following guidelines around maintaining a good relationship with the birth family (Coakley et al, 2007). If the grandparents allow continuous contact with the birth family, it can have a negative effect. This can be said when the reason for placement was abuse, if constant communication is occurring then the child may be put in danger. Also, the grandparents will neer be able to gain responsibility, authority or develop a routine if the parents are interfering and not sticking to access plans that have been emaciated up (Terling, 2001).Some argue that rela tive carers are not capable of meeting the childs needs (Sparr, 1993, Dubovitz, 1994 citied in Terling, 2001). There are assumptions that a child experience of parenting from their parents can be transmitted from one generation to another (Pugh De Ath, 1985). The grandparents capability needs to be questioned, looking also at their suitability of caring for their grandchildren, as they are the ones who raised the troubled parent (Gladstone Brown, 2007). Parental failure can be seen as a result of learnt behaviour from previous generations poor parenting (Davidson, 1997, citied in Climo, 2002). As characteristics run through the family, it can prove that the relative carers might have similarities in parenting to that of the birth parents. Especially in this case considering that the grandparents raised the birth parents. It can be said that if the reason for placing the child in care is due to abuse or neglect this can be a agitate and should be considered (Terling, 2001).Implica tions can occur when a grandparent takes their grandchild into care. They can find it hard dealing with the childs emotional, behavioural, physical problems, issues of attachment or loss, perceived agency inadequacy, dealing with authority of the child welfare system and dealing with birth parents (Coakley et al, 2007, pg 93).A custodial role can affect the grandparents health as they need to alter their routine and plans, they can feel physical tired, have less time for themselves and have extra duties to do around the house with the addition of a new person (Gladstone Brown, 2007).As they are then busier, relationships can be affected. They have less time to interact and enjoy doing things with their friends, this can cause them to become socially stranded (Broad, 2001). Other relationships include the grandparents other grandchildren who can become jealous at the thought of their grandparent being closer to one grandchild and providing them with more attention (Jendrick, 1993, c itied in Climo, 2002).Depending on the grandparents employment status, they may have to quit their job as they will be responsible for the child, this can have an affect on their financial income. They will have more to payout as an extra person, with less money to do this with (Gladstone Brown, 2007). It was found that grandparents can become to resent the situation they are in and it showed they felt they were incapable of keeping up with the child (Climo et al, 2002).Role of the Social Care WorkerRelatives who foster care tend not to receive as much support, can ask for less help and it is believed that social workers feel they need less help than traditional foster care workers. The worker and grandparent need to crap up a support plan that will ensure the above do not occur (Broad, 2001). The social worker needs to assess what it was like for the grandparent when they were parenting their own children. They need to reflect on what worked for them when raising their children, try to identify possible mistakes they made and acknowledge how it will be different raising their grandchild (Broad, 2001). They need to understand it may be difficult in altering their role towards their grandchild, possibly identifying their idea of discipline as it may not be appropriate in terms of child welfare, for example corporal punishment was norm years ago but times have now changed. Also as the hope is that the child can one day return to their birth family, the parents own beliefs in raising a child has to be made aware to the grandparent so they do not confuse the child (Broad, 2001).The grandparent may find parenting hard if they have to deal with social services monitoring them. It can be difficult for the grandparents as now there are many factors to be considered which put increases in the demand of them (Pugh De Ath, 1985). In comparison to parenting in the elderly persons time, the knowledge around the needs of the child in terms of physical, intellectual, soci al and emotional development has become more recognised. All of these will be monitored by officials in the case of relative foster care. As before a parent would not receive this type of pressure to ensure that their child is constantly receiving care and having there needs met (Pugh De Ath, 1985). Grandparents can feel inadequate under the high expectations of their role in the childs development. It can be quite a comparison as when the grandmother was parenting there was little demand to satisfy social demands. The importance was to run the household and the saying mother knows best was the parental ethnic (Pugh De Ath, 1985).In comparison to traditional foster care, relative carers are said to not receive as much support as needed. Possible reasons for this are because the social care workers may have the idea that the relatives do not require the same level services (Dubowitz, Feigelman Zuravin, 1993, citied in Mc Coakley, 2007). According Schlonsky Berrick citied in Mc Co akley, social workers may be influenced by the relationship that is already present within the family. As the child is under the care of their family, the social worker may feel it is the families right to raise the child without the intrusion of them (Coakley et al, 2007). Another possibility is that the grandparents themselves either refuse or do not request support from services (Coakley et al, 2007). Grandparents may feel that asking for help or showing a need for help may be perceived as a failing in their ability to cope. In the findings conducted by Mc Coakley 2006, it can be seen that mutual goals should be drawn up in the assessment process so that the best possible care for the child can be achieved. In addition to this, if the agency can show how committed they are in dilute making the families intervention and meeting the needs specific to the child and family then the family may welcome support more openly (Coakley 2007).Gladstone Brown (2007) determine the followin g factors which contributed to a positive relationship between the social worker and grandparent. It was found that firstly if a social worker presented as a friendly, considerate personality and the grandparents felt that they could connect and talk to them then they were more likely to open up to them. Social workers need to show an understanding to the situation, and allow the grandparents to feel appreciated for the contribution they are making (Gladstone Brown, 2007). Grandparents appreciate when a social worker responds to their needs and offers them informative advice and support on child management issues and referrals of other services that could offer support (Gladstone Brown, 2007). For a grandparent being informed can help them with their new role of parenting. As they are monitored and assessed, receiving feedback can allow them to know where they stand and how they can improve and also know what they are doing right. Also as their situation changes they need to know about entitlements that they can receive (Gladstone Brown, 2007).

The Strong Nuclear Force | Essay

The Strong atomic Force EssayYoussef El LaithyOne of the most extraordinary simplifications in physical science is the fact that neverthe slight four distinct wildnesss be responsible for that the known spectacles that go on in the universe. These four basic staff offices are the electromagnetic take up, the gravitative ram, the weak atomic draw out and the squiffy nuclear force. Since the weak and the steadfast force act e re each(prenominal)ywhere an extremely short range, (less than the coat of a heart), we do not experience them directly. Even though we dont directly experience these forces they are vital to our existence. These forces determine whether the nuclei of trusted(prenominal) elements anyow for be abiding or will deterio pass judgment, and they are the basis of the energy release in umteen nuclear receptions. The forces determine not only the st fittedness of the nuclei, but in alike manner the abundance of elements in reputation. The pro perties of the nucleus of an atom are determined by the number of electrons the atom has. The number of electrons in an atom, therefore, determines the chemistry of the atom. The gravitational force is responsible for place together the universe at large, the atmosphere, water, and us humans, to the planet. The electromagnetic force g everyplacens the atomic level phenomena, binding electrons their atoms, and atoms to early(a) atoms in narrate to form molecules and compounds. The weak nuclear force is responsible for certain grammatical cases of nuclear reactions. The fourth and last force, the unbendable nuclear force is responsible for holding the nucleus together.The Strong Force is also peerless of the four thorough forces of nature, experienced by particles called quarks and sub particles made up of quarks. It is theforce that causes the interaction responsible for binding and holding protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus of a given element. The strong fo rce is the strongest of among all the opposite forces forces, being approximately 100 times as strong as the electromagneticforce. It has the extremely short range to which it has an effect. A range of approximately 10-15 m, less than the size of the atomic nucleus. The strong force is carried by particles called gluons that is, when particles interact through with(predicate) the strong force, they do so by exchanging gluons. The protons in a nucleus must experience a repulsive force from the other protons in the nucleus.This is where the strong nuclear force comes into play. The strong nuclear force is created amid the nucleons (protons and neutrons) by the ex alteration of particles called mesons. This exchange can be compared to constantly smash a tennis ball or a football backside and forth between ii people. As long as these particles (mesons) are in motion back and forth, the strong force is able to hold the participating nucleons together. Thenucleons, however mustbe ext remely close to each other in order for this exchange of mesons to occur. The blank space requiredfor the force to take place and have an effectis roughly about the diameter of a proton or a neutron. Thus, if a proton or neutron can get closer than this distance to proton on neutron, the exchange of mesons occurs normally and the force has an effect. However,if they cant get that close, the strong force is too weak to make them bind together and thus the force wont have an effect and the nucleus would rapture.The range of the Strong Force varies from where it takes place. The strong interaction is apparent in two areasOn a large scale (about 1 to 3 femtometers ), it is the force that binds protons and neutrons (nucleons) together to form the nucleus of an atom .On a smaller scale (less than about 0.8 femtometers, the spoke of a nucleon), it is the force (carried by gluons ) that holdsquarkstogether to form protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles.The discovery of the S trong of the nuclear force was a remarkable discovery and cleared up stacks of mysteries that haunted many physicists in this era. The discovery force wasnt all at once meaning that the discovery was based on the work of untold than once scientist and physicist all over the years. The number 1 discovery was by James Chadwick. In 1932, British physicist James discovered that the nucleus of atoms contain neutrons. Soon later on(prenominal) this discovery, the American-Hungarian physicist, Eugene Wigner suggested that the electromagnetic force wasnt the force responsible forholding the nucleus together and he also suggested that there are two antithetical nuclear forces not just one.Later on,In 1935 Japanese Yukawa Hideki reasoned that since the strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force had never been noticedor observed by the bare eye or even by microscopesthey must act over a range smaller than the diameter of the atomic nucleus.Yukawa conditioned the first field theory of the strong force with a new particle he called mesons as the force carryingsimulated particle. From these facts and hypothesizes, Hideki Yukawa concluded that there exists a force that binds nucleons (protons and neutrons) together. He named the force the strong nuclear force because it had to be stronger than the electromagnetic force that would otherwise push the nucleons apart.In day-to-day life and our day to day life, were only certain of two fundamental forces gravity and electromagnetism. Physicists know about two to a greater extent forces, which are carried out wi turn off the atom itself (inside atoms) the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force.Try and imaginetwo protons (positive charge), they are pulled together by the strong nuclear force (as long as they are within range to start with). But the electromagnetic force pushes them away(p) from each other, because they both have the same positive electric charge.When we talk about the uses if the strong nuclear force we cant really trust a direct use in which humans use the force. The only direct use is that the binding energyrelated to the strong nuclear force is apply innuclear personnelandnuclear weapons. The strong nuclear force is crucial to our everyday survival, God created this force exactly to suit our survival. Following this notion two questions are raisedWhat would happen if the strong nuclear force were a bit weaker?If the strong force were even slightly weaker than what it is, it would not be able to hold the atomic nuclei together once morest the repulsive force of the electromagnetic force. According to Barrow and Tipler Ifthe Strong Force was decreased by 50% its normal power thiswould adversely affect the st capability of all the elements meaty to living organisms and biological systems. A bit more of a decrease, and there wouldntbe any stable elements except hydrogen.What would happen if the strong nuclear force were a bit stronger that what it is?According to Bo rrow and TiplerIf the strong nuclear force was just a bit stronger compared to the electromagnetic force, two protons could stick togetherdisregardof their electromagnetic repulsion (forming a diproton).If this happened, all the hydrogen in the universe would have been burned to helium. If there were no Hydrogen in the universethere would be no water, for a start, and there would be no long-lived stars like the sun. (Stars made from helium burn up much more supplely than stars made from hydrogen).In conclusion, The Strong Nuclear force is one of the four fundamental forces found in nature. The strong nuclear force is responsible for holding the neutrons and protons in the atomic nucleus. The interactions are experienced only by particles called quarks and by elementary particles made from quarks (mesons, gluons). The discovery of the strong nuclear force was possible by the collective work of many physicists over many years. The strong force isnt of that much of direct use for huma ns. However, the force is crucial to our everyday life. If the strong nuclear force was slightly even weaker than it is, all the chemical elements acquireed for life would not be stable, and we, humans, would not seize to exist. The strong force isnt of that much of direct use for humans. However, the force is crucial to our everyday life. Ifthe strong nuclear force was weaker than it is, the chemical elements needed for life wouldnt be stable, and we would not be here. On the other hand, if it were even slightly stronger than it is, all the hydrogen in the universe would have been burned in the big bang. As a result, there would be no prolonged stars like the sun, and no molecules like water. There would probably be no complex chemistry in the universe, and we would not seize to exist.CitationsFundamental Forces.Fundamental Forces. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2013. http//hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html .The Nucleus.The Nucleus. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. htt p//www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/physics/nucleus.html .The quartet Fundamental Forces.ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. http//library.thinkquest.org/27930/forces.htm .The Strong Nuclear Force.The Strong Nuclear Force. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. http//aether.lbl.gov/elements/stellar/strong/strong.html .The Strong Nuclear Force.The Star Garden. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. http//www.thestargarden.co.uk/Strong.html .Nuclear Forces.Nuclear Forces. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. http//www.alternativephysics.org/book/NuclearForces.htm . internal superpower Or force machine Power? discipline Power Or soldiers Power?The inter matter system at once is an interplay of field power of different republics. This can be felt in the emerging innovation order. There has been a perceptible change, particularly during the last two decades, in the manner the nation states conduct supra guinea pig relations. Military alliances have given way to multilateral g roupings, understandings and strategic partnerships. Nations are becoming increasingly aware of the power or forge that they wield vis--vis other nations.1They are also looking at the ways and means to use this internal power to guarantee their vital interests. In the later part of last century, theme Power was only considered to be soldiers power as can be silent by the superpower status of Soviet Union. But the disintegration of the Soviet empire and changing face of world relations over out-of-pocket to stinting globalisation changed the world perception and brought the term Comprehensive National Power. This term was more inclusive of the overall state of the affairs of a nation and a banknote of its constituents could indicate the skill and weaknesses.2National Power has discernible and in unmistakable elements. Geography, natural resources, industrial capacity, population, military power form the tangible parts while interior(a) character and morale complete the in tangibles. Indias economy has contributed in the last two decades towards a major share of the National power. In fact, India has even demonstrated certain soft power by cooption and attraction of other nations to achieve slightly of its aims. The primary currencies of soft power are an actors values, culture, policies and institutions. Indias soft power is based on its social and cultural values, the Indian Diaspora abroad and its knowledge base. India is being considered a knowledge superpower and is well placed to leverage its position in international relations. However, the military has also contributed towards the soft power. A well-run military has been a source of attraction, and military-to-military cooperation and training programmes, for example, have open up transnational networks that enhance countrys soft power.METHODOLOGY record of ProblemThe harvest notwithstanding, India cannot afford to be satisfied with its current status. The geopolitical situation in the regi on is unstable. Though Pakistan has less options left by and by it has been open(a) as a hub of terror activities and a haven for wanted terrorists, still if cornered by the world pressure and the internal compulsions it will not think twice in a military option against India to divert the attention and bring in its all weather friend , mainland China, into the picture.India can achieve its national aims only if the internal and external threats to its security is ensured. This situation can be understood with an analogy to game of soccer a team may be having the best of strikers in their forward and midfielder players, who can score goals at will, but their efforts are inconsequential if the goalkeeper is not trained and equipped to save goals from adversary.Thus, in the changing geopolitical situation, it is pertinent to evaluate the share of constituents of National Power to ascertain the future dynamics of a nations aspirations and interests and the regional environment.India has already made nasty progress in various fields to achieve soft power constituent to contribute towards National Power. Indian economy is showing positive growth and attracting strategic partnership with leading economies around the globe.India , now needs to overhaul the military constituent to further pursue its National aim.HypothesisIndia needs to develop a potent Military capability by the year 2025 to be able to assert its National Power in keeping with the stated National objectives.Methods of Data Collection9. The data for this dissertation has been collected from a large number of books, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, internet and research journals that are available in the Defence go Staff College library. The data related to Indian Military Power has been collected from open sources only so as to avoid any classified instruction to be brought out. The Bibliography is attached as Appendix.Organisation of the DissertationApart from a chapter on the introduction and methodology, the dissertation has been organized under the following chapters-CHAPTER 2. CONSTITUENTS OF INDIAN depicted object POWER particle 1. National Power.Section 2. Indias National Power.Section 3. Constituents Of Indian National Power.CHAPTER 3. armed forces POWERSection 1. Elements of Military Power.Section 2. Present declare Of Indian Defence Forces.Section 3. Defence Budget And Modernisation Program.CHAPTER 4. SHORTCOMINGS OF INDIAS MILITARY POWERSection 1. Analysis.Section 2. Intra Organisaton Level.Section 3. Shortcoming As A National Instrument.Section 4. Recommendations .CHAPTER 5. DESIRED NATIONAL POWER BY 2025Section 1. Geopolitical situation and regional environment In 2025.Section 2. Indias Predicted Growth By 2025.Section 3. Desired National Power.Chapter 2- Examining the constituent of Indian National Power. The present Indian standing in the world order is based on the soft power developed and the sparing growth achieved by India. India as rising econom y, offers excellent investment opportunity to the world. The democratic form of governance also projects India as stable and secure investment site in the long run. However we need to examine the constituents and their present share towards National Power.Chapter 3- Military Power. It itself comprises the tangibles and the intangibles. It can be loosely categorized in force capability and force employment. There has been a change in war weight-lifting. The technological advancement ,weapon lethality, destructiveness and precision along with the randomness frontier has increased the cost factor of going to war. Thus there is a need to analyse the military power constituents to understand the importance towards national Power.Chapter 4- Analysis and Short comings of Indian Military Power. To suggest steps towards projecting a stronger military power the present capability needs to be analysed and the flaw to be highlighted.Chapter 5- Desired National Power by 2025. The regional en vironment in the near future inculpates proactive approach by India to project spatiotemporal national power to have secured borders and assured growth to achieve its national aims .CHAPTER 2CONSTITUENTS OF NATIONAL POWERNational Power1. The international system today.is an interplay of national power of different nations. There has been a perceptible change.in the manner the nation states conduct International relations. Military alliances have given way to multilateral groupings, understandings and strategic partnerships. Nations are becoming increasingly.aware of the power or influence that they weild.vis--vis other nations.2. During 1960 and 70s most theorists.doing research on international relations avoided dealing.with phenomenon of power. National power was considered synonymous.with military power. This would rationalize to a great extent the superpower status.of erstwhile Soviet Union and its unexpected disintegration. Since then perception of national power.has undergo ne a change. It is called as comprehensive National power by the theorists which is a more inclusive term comprising all the facets of a nations resources which contribute towards its security.Defining National Power3. National power is the ability of a nation with the use of which.it can get its will obeyed by other nations. It involves the capacity to use force.or threat of use of force over other nations. With the use of national power, a nation is able to control.the behavior of other nations in accordance with its own will. In other words, it denotes the ability of a nation.to come across its national goals. It also tells us how much powerful or weak.a particular nation is in securing its national goals.Basic Elements Of National Power4. The basic elements of national power include diplomacy, economics, instructional, soft power and the age old trustworthy element of military power. It can also be classified as comprising of tangible elements and intangible elements. Geograph y, natural resources, industrial capacities, population, military power form the tangible elements of national power and national character and morale complete the intangibles.Indias National Power5. In international politics, the image of India till recently used to be in terms.of its perennial rivalry with Pakistan and as power confined to South Asia only. However, as result of the remarkable improvement.in Indias national strength over the last decade, consisting of.its hard and soft powers, the world has started rehyphenating India.with a rapidly growing China. The term rising India is a buzzword in the International Relations discourse nowadays. Indias national power has begun to rise steadily.since Pokhran-II. India unleashed a slew of path-breaking initiatives.in quick succession in 1998 (and beyond). It was from this year frontwards that the idea of India being a great power,.first floated by Nehru, started to be reflected in its foreign policy. Admittedly, India shifted its foreign and economic policies.soon after the end of the frigid War in 1991 when it started broadbasing.its diplomacy, initiated economic reforms by dismantling the economic model.based on import substitution, and went for market friendly policies. The economic reforms did give India economic stability.in the sense that India started growing at 6% annually.ever since the economic liberalization of early 1990s, however, political stability remained fragile. The country got much-needed political stability.at the center in March 1998 and a series of radical initiatives in quick succession beginning with the nuclear tests in the Pokhran desert of Rajasthan on May 11th and 13th 1998, was a grand strategic masterstroke by independent India. India initiated Multi-aligned/ neat power diplomacy.for the first time in its independent history when it developed strategic partnerships.with all the great powers simultaneously, especially its relations with the United States and Japan, while retai ning tried ties with Russia. India made institutional arrangements to its national security.when it set up the National Security.Advisory Board, National Security.Council, Nuclear Command Authority, developed a.nuclear doctrine, and so on.6. More importantly, India developed a much needed strategic vision.whereby it redefined its geo-strategic.construct well beyond the mainland of South Asia. The comprehensive geo-strategic.construct included the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, Central Asia and the Asia-Pacific. In fact, the 1998 nuclear tests themselves were indicative of the fact that India had begun to revalue the role of hard power in securing its national interests and also in making her influence heard in international politics.7. The India, that China defeated.in 1962 was guided by a foreign policy canon of non-alignment.vis --vis the superpower enmity, and it remained the cornerstone of Indias international.diplomacy for more than four decades. However, this foreign policy paradigm underwent.a U-turn when it metamorphosed into poly/multi-alignment under the new leadership.in New Delhi in 1998. The new foreign policy outlook.broadly had two components, namely, improving relations with the US and its Look East Policy-II. The turnaround in India-US relations from being estranged democracies during the Cold War to engaged democracies in the 2000s has played a central role in bringing out a shift in Chinas India posture over the last decade. India has been a democracy right since its birth as a modern nation-state in 1947. However, its sluggish economic growth and weak military pen that led to its defeat in 1962 seriously stained this aspect of Indias soft power.8. With the rising India story, its democracy as an important component of its soft power has again come into the global limelight. India has more than 1 billion people. It is linguistically, culturally, racially, and religiously diverse, and it is growing economically at an enviable pace under de mocratic organizational institutions (except for the hand brake period of 1975-77 when civil liberties were undermined). Its culture values peaceful coexistence, nonviolence, and religious tolerance. All of these factors, combined with the largest pool of English speakers outside the US, has increased Indias power of attraction without need for coercion or persuasion, a fact not lost on an envious, hard power-minded China. The country to which India has projected most of its soft power is the US, through the export of highly skilled manpower, consisting mainly of software developers, engineers, and doctors.9. In military terms, post-1998 India has been enjoying strategic capital, in the sense that, unlike the rise of China, Indias military rise is not only not feared but it is felt to be desirable by the countries in the Asia-Pacific like Japan, Australia, South Korea, and ASEAN as a group. Most importantly even the US sees Indias military rise in its own interests.28 Interestin gly, a rising India is making full use of this capital by emerging as a unnerving military power over the last decade, apart from unveiling even more ambitious military plans for the futureCHAPTER 3MILITARY POWERMilitary Power1. Military Power is military dimension of national power. National power embodies soft persuasive or attractive elements as well as its hard or military component. Military power can itself mean different things in different contexts as military forces do different things ranging from argue national territory to invading other states countering terrorists or insurgents, keeping the peace, enforcing economic sanctions, maintain domestic order. Proficiency in one task does not entail proficiency in all as good defenders of national territory can make poor peacekeepers and also may not be able to conquer neighbours.2. Since beginning of civilization, military power has been the primary instruement nation states have used to control and dominate each other. With the growth of engineering science, the destructiveness of military power has reached apocalyptic proportions.3. Throughout history, military power has been paramount and economic power a luxury. This has slowly changed to the point that the two roles have been reversed. Japan, China have relied on economic prosperity to finance formidable military forces. Conversely, erstwhile Soviet Union, Iraq and North Korea have relied on their military to build economic power with little or limited success.4. Military power is the capacity to use force or threat of force to influence other states. Components of military power for a nation include number of military formations, armaments, organization, training, equipment, readiness, deployment and morale.Elements of Military Power5. Elements of military power are worked out on the basis of military capability of nations. It includes numerical preponderance, technology and force employment. . Numerical preponderance has been exemplified in yes teryears Napolean said ,God is on the side of the big battalion6. It is generally believed that states with bigger population, more developed economies, larger military should prevail in battle. This is association of victory with material preponderance and beneath this lies the widespread perception that economic strength is precondition for military strength that economic decline leads to military weakness and that economic policies merit co equal treatment with political and military considerations in national strategy making. Military preparedness requires a military (establishment) capable of supporting the foreign policy of a nation. Contributory factors are technology,leadership, quality and size of the armed forces.(a) Technology. The development and sufferance of firearms, tanks, gunsand aircraft have had a profound effect on the course of battles. To illustrate,if one reads the review of British operations during the initial stages of theSecond World War, which Churchill gave in the secluded session of parliamenton 23 April 1942,one is struck by the fact that all defeats on land, on sea andin air have one common denominator-the disregard of technologicalcapabilities being developed by Germans and the Japanese during the pre-waryears. The U-boats played havoc with the British shipping and adverselyaffected their ability to operate forces from one theatre of war to another, asalso to sustain them. Conversely, the development of radar technology by theBritish during the war years gave them enormous benefit over theirenemies. In the present-day context, capabilities in cyber warfare, spaceassets and smart strike weapons will give a great edge to the powers that areable to develop and operationalise such technologies.(b) Leadership. The quality of military leadership has always exerted adecisive influence upon national power. We have the examples of the militarygenius of Fredrick the Great, Napoleon, the futility of Maginot Line psychologyof the Fren ch General Staff versus the blitzkrieg adopted by the GermanGeneral Staff, and closer home the effect of superior military leadership ledby Field Marshal SHFJ Manekshaw in Indias 1971 War with Pakistan.(c) Quality and Size of the Armed Forces. The importance of this factor isobvious. However, the question that has to be answered by the politicalleadership of the country is, how large a military establishment can a nationafford in view of its resources and commitments or national interests?CHAPTER 4SHORTCOMINGS OF INDIAN MILITARY POWERMuch has been written and said about the potential for Indian military power to play a greater role on the world stage, and perhaps check Chinas expanding capabilities in the future.National Security has attained multi-faceted dimensions with wider challenges in diverse fields.There has been growing understandings of these challenges and consequently measures are being taken to overcome the same. Indias remarkable economic growth and newfound access to arms from abroad have raised the prospect of a major rearmament of the country. But without several policy and organizational changes, Indias efforts to acquire its armed forces will not alter the countrys ability to deal with critical security threats. Indias military modernisation needs a transparent, legitimate and efficient procural process. Further, a chief of self-renunciation staff could reconcile the competing priorities across the three military services. Finally, Indias defense research agencies need to be subjected to greater oversight.Indias rapid economic growth and newfound access to military technology, especially by way of its rapprochement with the United States, have raised hopes of a military revival in the country. Against this optimism about the rise of Indian military power stands the candor that India has not been able to alter its military-strategic position despite being one of the worlds largest importers of advanced stuffy weapons for three decades.Civ il-military relations in India have focused too heavily on one side of the problem how to ensure civilian control over the armed forces, while neglecting the other how to build and field an effective military force. This imbalance in civil-military relations has caused military modernization and reforms to suffer from a omit of political guidance, disunity of purpose and effort and material and intellectual corruption.The Effects of Strategic RestraintSixty years after embarking on a rivalry with Pakistan, India has not been able to alter its strategic relationship with a country less than one-fifth its size. Indias many counterinsurgencies have lasted twenty years on an average, double the oecumenical average. Since the 1998 nuclear tests, compensates of a growing missile gap with Pakistan have called into question the quality of Indias nuclear deterrent. The high point of Indian military history the button of Bangladesh in 1971- therefore, stands in sharp contrast to the pe rsistent inability of the country to raise effective military forces.No factor more accounts for the haphazard nature of Indian military modernization than the lack of political leadership on defense, stemming from the doctrine of strategic parapet. Key political leaders rejected the use of force as an instrument of politics in favor of a policy of strategic ascendance that minimized the importance of the military.The Government of India held to its strong anti-militarism despite the reality of conflict and war that followed independence. Much has been made of the downgrading of the service chiefs in the protocol rank, but of greater consequence was the elevation of military science and research as essential to the long-term defense of India over the armed forces themselves. Nehru invited British physicist P.M.S. Blackett to examine the relationship between science and defense. Blackett came back with a report that called for capping Indian defense spending at 2 percent of GDP and limited military modernization. He also recomm stop state funding and ownership of military research laboratories and established his protg, Daulat Singh Kothari, as the head of the labs.Indian defense spending decreased during the 1950s. Of the three services, the Indian naval forces received greater attention with negotiations for the acquisition of Indias first aircraft carrier. The Indian Air Force acquired World War II surplus Canberra transport. The Indian Army, the biggest service by a wide margin, went to Congo on a UN peacekeeping mission, but was neglected overall. India had its first defense procurement scandal when buying old jeeps and experienced its first civil-military crisis when an army chief threaten to resign protesting political interference in military matters. The decade culminated in the governments forward policy against China, which Nehru foisted on an unprepared army, and led to the war of 1962 with China that ended in a humiliating Indian defeat.The for emost lesson of 1962 was that India could not afford further military retrenchment. The Indian government launched a significant military elaboration program that doubled the size of the army and raised a fighting air force. With the focus shifting North, the Indian Navy received less attention. A less recognized lesson of the war was that political interference in military matters ought to be limited. The military and especially the army asked for and received operational and institutional autonomy, a fact most visible in the wars of 1965 and 1971.The problem, however, was that the political leadership did not suddenly become more comfortable with the military as an institution they remained alert of the possibility of a coup detat and militarism more generally.The Indian civil-military relations landscape has changed marginally since. In the eighties, there was a degree of political-military confluence in the Rajiv Gandhi government Rajiv appointed a military buff, Arun Singh, as the minister of state for defense. At the same time, Krishnaswami Sundarji, an exceptional officer, became the army chief. Together they launched an ambitious program of military modernization in repartee to Pakistani rearmament and nuclearization. Pakistans nuclearization allowed that country to escalate the subconventional conflict in Kashmir while stemming Indian ability to escalate to a general war, where it had superiority. India is yet to fall out from this stability-instability paradox.The puzzle of Brasstacks stands in a line of similar decisions. In 1971, India did not push the advantage of its victory in the eastern theatre to the West. Instead, New Delhi, underuberrealist gear up Minister Indira Gandhi, signed on to an equivocal agreement at Simla that committed both sides to peaceful resolution of future disputes without any enforcement measures. Indias decision to wait 24 years between its first nuclear test in 1974 and the second base set of tests in 1998 is equ ally puzzling. Why did it not follow through after the 1974 test, and why did it test in 1998?Underlying these puzzles is a remarkable preference for strategic restraint. Indian leaders simply have not seen the use of force as a useful instrument of politics. This foundation of ambivalence informs Indian defense policy, and consequently its military modernization and reform efforts.To be sure, military restraint in a region as volatile as South Asia is wise and has helped persuade the great powers to accommodate Indias rise, but it does not help military planning. Together with the separation of the armed forces from the government, divisions among the services and between the services and other related agencies, and the inability of the military to seek formal support for policies it deems important, Indias strategic restraint has served to deny political guidance to the efforts of the armed forces to modernize. As wise as strategic restraint may be, Pakistan, Indias primary rival, hardly believes it to be true. Islamabad prepares as if India were an aggressive power and this has a real impact on Indias security.Domestic And Regional ConstraintsIndia faces several daunting domestic and border challenges within its own propinquity that may prevent it from thinking more globally including the unresolved issue of Kashmir, an increasingly grave Maoist threat, Islamic terrorism from Pakistan, and unresolved border issues with China which broke out in war in 1962. Beijings effort to beef up its presence in South Asia is also seen as challenging Indian dominance there. The Lack of StrategyIndias military modernization carcass, and likely will continue to be, an a-strategic pursuit of new technology with little vision. There is a alone host of problems that the nation faces, includingLittle political guidance from the civilian leadership to the military. This is true even on the general issue of what Indias major goals should be. Even the Indian navy, which is of ten assumed to be the most forward thinking institution within Indias military, does not see itself as more than a naval occlude vis--vis Pakistan.Lack of organizational and institutional reforms. The need to reprioritize resources is never addressed, what is addressed is the procurement of new material, thus making modernization merely an exercise in elongated expansion.No legitimate and transparent procurement system. As a result, purchases are often ridden with scandals, corrupt, delayed and highly politicized. Indias Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) is also a failed organization that is ideologically corrupt, but there has not been an honest attempt to put it under public scrutiny.Imbalance in Civil-Military RelationsWhat suffices for a military modernization plan is a regard list of weapon systems amounting to as much as $100 billion from the three services and remove announcements of coming breakthroughs from the Defense Research and Development Organiz ation (DRDO), the premier agency for military research in India.The process is illustrative. The armed forces propose to acquire certain weapon systems. The political leadership and the civilian bureaucracy, especially the Ministry of Finance, react to these requests, agreeing on some and rejecting others. A number of dys constituents ensue.First, the services see things differently and their plans are essentially uncoordinated. Coming off the experience of the Kargil war and Operation Parakram, the Indian Army seems to have arrived at a Cold Start doctrine, seeking to find some fighting space between subconventional conflict and nuclear exchange in the standoff with Pakistan. The doctrine may not be official policy, but it informs the armys wish list, where attack helicopters, tanks and long-range artillery stand out as marquee items. The Indian Air Force (IAF), meanwhile, is the primary instrument of the countrys nuclear deterrent. The IAFs close second role is air superiority an d air defense. Close air support, to which the IAF has belatedly agreed and which is essential to the armys Cold Start doctrine, is a distant fourth.The Indian Navy wants to secure the countrys sea-lanes of communications, protect its energy supplies and guard its trade routes. It wants further to be the vehicle of Indian naval diplomacy and sees a role in the anti-piracy efforts in the Malacca Straits and the Horn of Africa. What is less clear is how the Indian Navy might contribute in the event of a war with Pakistan. The navy would like simply to brush past the problem of Pakistan and reach for the grander projects. Accordingly, the Indian Navys biggest procurement order is a retrofitted aircraft carrier from Russia.Indias three services have dramatically different views of what their role in Indias security should be, and there is no political effort to ensure this coordination. Cold Start remains an iffy proposition. Indias nuclear deterrent remains tethered to a single deliver y system fighter aircraft. Meanwhile, the Indian Armys energies are dissipated with counterinsurgency duties, which might increase manifold if the army is told to fight the rising leftist insurgency, the Naxalites. And all this at a time when the primary security threat to the country has been terrorism. After the Mumbai attacks, the Indian government and the people of India are said to have resolved to tackle the problem headlong, but today the governments minister in charge of internal security, Palaniappan Chidambaram, is more under siege himself than prehend the hidden enemy.Second, despite repeated calls for and commissions into reforms in the higher defense structure, planning, intelligence, defense production and procurement, the Indian national security establishment remains fragmented and uncoordinated. The government and armed forces have succeeded in reforms primed by addendums to the defense budget but failed to institute reforms that require changes in organization an d priorities.The Kargil Review Committee, and the Group of Ministers report that followed, for example, recommended a slew of reforms. The changes most readily implemented were those that created new commands, agencies and task forces, essentially linear expansion backed by new budgetary allocations. The changes least(prenominal) likely to occur were those required changes in the hierarchy.The most common example of tough reform is the long-standing recommendation for a chief of defense staff. A military chief, as opposed to the service chiefs, could be a solution to the problem that causes the three services not to reconcile their prGas Sensing Properties of Te Thin Films Thickness and UVGas Sensing Properties of Te Thin Films Thickness and UVThickness and UV ir radiation syndrome effects on the plash signal detection properties of Te thin fool awaysAbstractIn this research, tellurium thin pictures were investigated for use as hydrogen sulfide fellate sensors. To this end, a tellurium thin film has been deposited on Al2o3substrates by thermal evaporation, and the influence of oppressiveness on the predisposition of the tellurium thin film for mensuration H2S bluster is study. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, see electron microscope(SEM) and Raman Spectrometer were utilized for characterizing the prepared samples. XRD patterns indicate that as the thickness increases, the crystallization improves. Observing the images obtained by SEM,itisseenthat the texture size increases as the thickness increases, and consequently, fewer defects will be seen in the surface of the film. poring over the effect of thickness on H2S gun for hire measurement, it became obvious that as the thickness increases, the sensitiveness decreases and the response and retrieval time increases. Studying the thermal influence of the thin film while measuring H2S gas,it becomes obviousthat as the detection temperature of the thin film increases, sensitivity and the response an d recovery times reduce. To improve the response and recovery time of the tellurium thin film for measuring H2S gas, the influence of UV radiation while measuring H2S gas was also investigated. The results indicate that the response and recovery times strongly decreaseusing UV radiation.IntroductionTellurium is a P vitrine semiconductor with narrow band gap and a gap energy of 0.35eV which makes it ideal for use in thin film transistors 1, gas sensors 2-4, optical information storage 5 and shields in passive radiative cooling 6. Recently, it has been shown that the tellurium thin film is sensitive to some venomous gases like H2S 7. Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic and corrosive gas which is formed in coal mines, oil and gas industries, chemical products plants, and the sewers. Exposure to small amounts of this gas (less 50 ppm) causes headache, poor memory, loss of appetence and irritability, while motion picture to large amounts (most of 500 ppm) will cause death after 30-60 legal p roceeding 8. So far, various semiconductor metal oxides have beenproducedfor spy H2S gas such as SnO2, WO3, and CeO29-11. The main problem of these sensors is that theyrequire high temperature for measuring H2S gas, and this high temperature will shorten the life of the sensor12. Measuring gas through semiconductor metal oxide depends upon parameters like thickness of the thin film, deposition temperature, and the substratematerial. So far, few reports have been issued about the sensitivity of the tellurium thin film to some reducing and oxidizing gases such as NO2, CO, NH3, and H2S 4,7,13,14. In this research, the influence of the thickness of the tellurium thin film on detecting H2S gas and also the influence of the film temperature and UV radiation while measuring H2S gas have been studied.Experiment detailsTellurium thin films with thicknesses of 100, 200, and 300 nm measured by Quartz digital thickness gauge, were deposited on Al2O3substrate by thermal evaporation of pure tell urium in a tungsten crucible. Substrates were cleaned for 30 minutes by alcohol and acetone in ultrasonic bath. The initial pressure of the vacuum chamber and the temperature of substrate while depositing were respectively 310-5mbar and 373K. The growth rate of the film and the deposition area were respectively 5nm/s and 100mm2. Gold electrodes were deposited on the surface of film through thermal evaporation and copper wires were attached to them by silver paste. The microstructure of the films was characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the films surface was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Sensor response to various concentration of H2S gas was studied in a container made of stainless steel with a volume of 250cm3.The galvanising shield of the sensors was measured by a multimeter as a function of time. Gas limitdetection was performed for the films with different thicknesses and at different environment temperatures. The sensors were al so exposed to UV radiation while detecting H2S gas. The mechanism of gas detection was investigated by Raman spectroscopy technique. The spectra were recorded before and after characterisation to the gas. Raman spectra of the films were recorded in back scattering geometry with a spectral resolution of 3 cm-1. The 785 nm line of Ar+laser was usedfor excitation.Results and DiscussionXRD patterns of tellurium films with different thicknesses are shown in fig. 1. In this figure, the peaksdenotedwith star are related to Al2O3substrate. At 100 nm,Te thickness peak of low intensity is observed at 27.77which is related to Te (101) with hexagonal structure. At 200 nm, in addition to Te (101), another peak comparable to Te (100) appears at 23.15. Finally, besides Te (100) and Te (101), a new peak is observed at 40.78which is related to Te (110) with hexagonal structure. From the XRD results, it can be inferred that, thickness increasestheresults in an increase of film crystallinity due to t he increase of the number of planes that generate diffraction. Fig. 2 shows the SEM images of prepared Te films at differentthicknesses.S1At 100 nm, the grains are separated from each otherby alarge distance, thereby forming discontinuous and rough surface. Increasing film thickness leads to an increase of surface homogeneity and continuity, grain size increaseas well. Fig. 3 depicts the foe variation of the tellurium thin films with different thicknesses at room temperature before exposure to H2S gas. It can be seen that the film electrical opposite decrease with thickness increase due to step-down of irregularity in grain arrangement and inhomogeneity onthefilm surface,which leads to a better charge carrier mobility. The sensitivity of the films to H2S is given byS=Where Raand Rgare the electrical resistance of the film in the air and the H2S respectively. Fig. 4 shows the effect of Te film thickness on sensitivity to 8ppm of H2S at room temperature.Note that the film sensitiv ity decreaseswithan increase inthickness. To explain this behavior, it is worth mentioning that the proposed mechanism for H2S gas measurement is as follows the group O in the air is adsorbed by the film surface, especially in the grain boundaries and film porosities. After adsorption, atomic number 8 reacts with Te film surface and based on the film temperature, it can be ionized into O2, O2-, O(in the temperatures less than 150C the ionization form is O2). These forms of type O ionization increase the film plenty density which meansa reduction of Rain P type semiconductor such as Te. As H2S gas is added, it reacts with ionized oxygenand the result will bethereturn of electrons inside the film and reduction of the hole numbers and increase of Rgresistance. The reactions are shown belowO2(gas) O2(ads)(1)O2(ads)+ e O2(ads)(2)H2S(gas)+O2(ads) H2(gas)+SO2(gas)+ e(3)At 100 nm Te thickness, the presence of a high density of grain boundaries and defects results in a high H2S gas adsorp tion which causes noticeable variations in film electrical resistance,indicating an increase of sensitivity. At higher thickness, where the grain boundary and defects densities decrease,the changes in resistance are intangible involving a decrease in the sensitivity as shown in fig. 4. The other important characteristic of sensor is its selectivity. The sensitivity on exposure to 10 ppm of CO, NH3and NO was found to be 3 %,40 % and -67 % (negative sign indicates reduction in resistance), respectively. Thus we see that the Te films have much larger sensitivity towards H2S gas in comparison to other gases. Fig. 5 shows the response kinetics of Te films at different thickness (100 nm and 200 nm) after exposure to 8ppm H2S. Considering the response and recovery times, the times for reaching 90% of steady-state values of Raand Rgrespectivelycan be defined. It can be clearly seen in fig. 5 that thickness increase leads to an increase of response and recovery times. The former and the latt er are due to high adsorption rate of H2S and O2gases, respectively, at 100 nm by the great numbers of grain boundaries and defects 15. Fig. 6 shows Raman spectra of 100 nm Te sample before and after exposure to 8 ppm H2S gas at room temperature. In both spectra, peaks at 123, 143 and 267 cm-1are related to tellurium. Two other peaksobserved in sample before inducing H2S gasat 680 and 811 cm-1are assigned to TeO216.Notice that the intensity of oxide phase is much less than that of Te phase indicating that a low fraction of Te film is oxidized,whichisdue to Te atoms on the surface 17. After exposure to H2S gas,based onthe proposedreaction mechanismthe TeO2peaks have almost disappeared. In addition, no peak corresponding to H2S or compounds of sulfur or hydrogen is detected in film after exposure to H2S gas. Fig. 7 shows the sensors sensitivity as a function of H2S gas concentration for 100, 200 and 300 nm samples at room temperature. The film to 100 nm Te thickness presents a linear response fromthe8 to 34 ppm range and the film sensitivity seems to saturate at higher concentration. As expected, from fig. 7it can be seenthat the sensitivity decreases as the film thickness is increased. Figure 8 shows the results related to response and recovery time for all sampleswhile being exposed to various concentrationsof H2S gasatroom temperature. Studying the resultsit isclearthat as the H2S gas concentration increases, the response time decreases and the recovery time increases.Thisis because as H2S gas concentration increases, the probability of a reaction between gas and ionized oxygen becomes more probable, and more reactionswill be observedin a shorter time which causes the resistance to change faster and at last reach a constant level. As the concentration goes up, more H2S gas molecules are absorbed and their desorption requires a longer time. The resistance of different samples as a function of detection temperature before exposure to H2S gasis shown in fig. 9. In all thickness, a decrease of resistivity is observed with temperature increase due to electrical properties of semiconductor, as well as increase of oxidation reaction rate. In the caseof300 nm Te films the variation of resistance is insignificant because ofthevery low resistance of this sample. Fig.10 shows the results related to sensitivity as a function of temperature while being exposed to 8ppm of H2S gas. Investigating the results,it is found that temperature rise leads to reductions insensitivity in all samples, because the number of charge carriers in samples increases asthetemperature rises and as a result, when samples are exposed to H2S gas, no tangible resistance change is observed and sensitivity decreases 18. In samples with 300nm thickness and with temperatures above 90Cthere is no sensitivity against H2S gas,since the number of charge carriers is sohighthat their change is never tangible by reaction with H2S gas. Fig. 11 shows the recovery and response times as a function of temperature while being exposedto8 ppm H2S gas. In all samples,as the temperature rises the response and recovery time decreases. Overall, two factors are effective for a reaction first, the molecules which are going to take part in the reaction must have a lot of energy, second, they must collide with one another in an appropriate direction. Temperature rise causes an increase in energy and more effective collisions will take place between reactants, and the response and recovery time decrease. To study the effect of UV irradiation on the sensor properties during the gas detection, samples are simultaneously exposed to 8 ppm H2S gas and UV radiationatroom temperature. Fig. 12 shows a comparison between the sensor sensitivity of the UV exposedand unexposed cases as a function of Te film thickness. It is obvious that application of UV radiation results in a dramatic reduction of sensors sensitivity. As it is well-know, UV radiation creates supplementary charge carriers by an excess of electron-hole pairs formation.Increase of charge carriers numberinvolves a decrease of resistance such that the changes of resistancearenot tangible while reacting with H2S gas. Fig. 13 presents the recovery and response times as a function of H2S gas concentration before and after exposure to UV radiation.It is observedthat the recovery and response times strongly depend on UV radiation. These two parameters decrease with UV radiation due to creation of electron-hole pairs. The created electrons react with adsorbed oxygen, so the number of ionized oxygen reacting with H2S gas increase, which can result in an increase of reaction rate between oxygen and H2S gas. The above explanations can be summarized in the following reactionsO2(gas) O2(ads)(4)O2(ads) + e O2(ads)(5)h e + hO2(ads)+ e 2O(ads)(6)H2S(gas) + O(ads) H2(gas) + SO(gas) +e(7)It is worthnoting that the increase of UV radiation intensity has no effect on sensitivity,response and recovery times of Te sensors. Al so, to evaluate sensor stability, the samples of 100 nm and 200 nm Te filmweresubjected to 8 ppm H2S at room temperaturefor 60 days, thentheir basic resistance and sensitivity were measured as shown in fig. 14. The results indicate that both resistance and sensitivity of sensors remainnearlyconstant, confirming suitability of Te films for use as sensor.ConclusionIn this work, thickness effect of Te films for H2S gas sensing are investigated. A strong dependenceonelectrical resistance and sensitivity to Te film thickness is observed.Thismeans that increasing the thickness leads to a decrease of sensor sensitivity and increase of response and recovery times.Consideringthe sensing mechanism of Te thin films which is based on the interaction of ionized oxygen with H2S gas, the grain boundaries and the surface roughness could be considered as active sites for trapping the gas molecules. Thickness increase leads to a decrease of these active sites. The results show that although the Te se nsor can operate at room temperature, a decrease of response-recovery times can be obtained at higher operating temperatures. Raman spectroscopy shows that adsorbed oxygen on the surface of Te films can be removed after exposure to H2S gas,leading to changes in the film resistance,UV radiation,as well as response-recovery times. The prepared sensors present a stability in sensitivity and resistance for 60 days after exposure to H2S gas which confirmstheir ability tobeusedas H2S gas sensor.

Pest Analysis Macro Environment Marketing Essay

Pest Analysis Macro Environment Marketing EssayThe purpose of this storey is to analyse the intellectual nourishment sell industriousness in the United commonwealth. The reasons of the industry selection passel be concentrated to the broad range of provided products and services, the pecuniary activity of the industry, the influence in the peoples action and the respective(a) external factors that affect the field. The analysis testament begin with a presentation of the forage sell industry and a elevatedlight of its of import features. Furthermore, to valuate the remote surroundings of the industry a PEST analysis volition be conducted, analysing the political, economicalal, social and technological factors that affect the industry. Furthermore, a Porters 5 forces analysis ordain be used to evaluate the operating environment and the nature of competition. Moreover the major competitors and their competition strategies will be identified. Additionally, the effect o f the remote and operating environment on the players of the industry will be highlighted. Also, a critical analysis of the industrys strength and its future will be presented. Finally, a critical evaluation on the used business analysis techniques will be illustrated.The UK food sell industry is an established sector of the UK economy. During the last thirty years the food retail great deals expanded their activities to serve various consumer involves. The products that ar provided to the public include food and its sub-products, but also alcohol, tobacco, health and beauty products, clothing, electrical products, homew atomic number 18, fuel and financial services. However, agree to the Mintel report 2009, more than half of the total gross revenue in 2008 were assigned to food. Furthermore, concerning the size of the industry an increasing trend of sales throne be detect of about 4% per year from 2004 to 2008 and a total amount of 108.1 billion pounds in 2008 ( field Statis tics Mintel report 2009).The food retail industry is principal(prenominal)ly oblige lead by mammoth supermarket imprisonment that possess the overwhelming mass of the industrys market sh ar, as it will be analysed further in the report. Concerning the size diversification of the retail stores, the majority argon tumescent units like hypermarkets, supermarkets and discounters with a percentage of 62% of the total number of stores. Furthermore, low-spirited units as gizmo stores and gas stations represent the 21.2% and food and alcoholism specialists the 11.3%. The minority are drug stores, warehouses and cash and carry stores (Datamonitor 2009).3. PEST analysis Macro-environmentTo analyse the macro-environment or otherwise known remote environment of the food retail industry, a PEST analysis will be used to specify how Political and legal, Economical, Social and Technological issues affect the industry.3.1 PoliticalThere are legion(predicate) political and legal factors that affect the food retail industry. Future political decisions concerning measureation or the retail industry legislation will definitely nurse an impact in the industry competitors policies and strategies. The current legislation and regulation concern competition, employment, environmental, food and grocery safety, financial services and health issues.Specifically, the UK food retailers are cause to follow food hygiene legislation set by the Food Standards Agency and the equivalent European Union regulation such as the solid ground(a) Food Law Regulation. In the UK the food safety act of 1990 was enacted to set the food safety requirements for food in run fored for human manipulation. The Food Standards Agency was created in 2000 after the food standards act of 1999, which was enacted to further secure the public health re slowd to food safety (Office of Public Sector Information, 1999). The UK food retailers are compel to follow the above regulations in conjunction with t he General Food Regulations 2004 that set the rules about the transportation, distribution, quality, hygiene, caution, announce and selling of food and its substances.Especially for the food hygiene and maintenance the rules and requirements of the Food Hygiene Regulations of 2006 and the internationally recognised Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) must be followed (Food Standards Agency, 2010). Therefore, possible disobedience of the above regulations by the supermarkets will cause legal problems and the enforcement of fines, harming their budget and social image.The competition in the UK is observed and check overled by two government bodies, the Competition Commission and the Office of beauteous Trading. The two government bodies ensure that the companies in the UK comply with the competition law and practices. Therefore, they observe and interface the market to avoid monopoly, oligopoly and cartel phenomena. Their role beyond the control of competition between t he competitors within the industry is to ensure the fair trade between the supermarkets and their supplies. According to recent press publications the fair trade is currently the or so historic issue (Haurant S., 2009). In 2001 the Office of Fair Trading enacted the Supermarkets Code of pull to regulate and assure the trade between supermarkets and suppliers, who include amongst others, farmers and breeders (Office of Fair Trading, 2001). Additionally, the major supermarket chains had been often accused for anti warring, unfair practices and failure to meet the necessary requirements. For modeling, in April 2010 the Office of Fair Trading fined nine retailers for anti rivalrous practices at their tobacco determine between 2001 and 2003 (Mintel report, 2009). For this reason the Competition Commission planned to change the existing Supermarkets Code of Practice to a new Grocery Supply Code of Practice (Haurant S., 2009). The new code of practice added intensive pressure to the G rocery retailers because they were hale to comply with stricter regulation and to cover the live of the observation body. This new regulation led to greater competition which toughed the operations of the supermarkets but reduced slightly the prices to benefit the consumers.Another grave pigeonholing of regulations are those concerning the supply and environmental law. The grocery retail companies need to comply with the planning law to be sufficient to expand their activities in new places. During the past years, the grocery retailers tended to expand their stores in places away from townsfolk centres. The reason was primary the reduced property prices and the capacity to construct outstanding supermarket units, maximising their profits.However this trend provoked a series of issues such as the step-upd pollution from the consumers transportation leading the government to change the legislation, demanding the presence of town centre stores at first. Therefore, the reactio n of the supermarket chains was to increase the number of mid-size and small stores who complied with legislation and change magnitude the supermarkets points of presence (Tescopoly Butler S., 2006). Furthermore, the grocery retail corporations need to comply with environmental law and regulations concerning goods transportation pollution, aesthetics, proper disposal and recycling. For example the supermarkets were forced by new legislation to charge their customers a certain cost for distributively provided plastic bag (Brogan B., 2008).There is a significant percentage of the hands that is employed in the food retail industry. Therefore, the food retail companies are obliged to comply with the UK and EU employment legislation exactly as the remainder of the employers. Labour law such as the Employment Rights Act 1996 and the Employment Act 2002 specify the workers rights including wages, working conditions, work hours and job security Also, during the past thirty years, a serie s of anti-discrimination laws were enacted to establish equality and diversity in the workforce (Businesspme.com, 2008 direct.gov.uk, 2010). Also, the food retail corporations are obliged to comply with health and safety standards in the workplace in operations like the use of machinery, electrical equipment, transportation of goods, violence etc (Shropshire, 2010). These regulations are mainly set by the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Workplace regulations of 1992. Therefore, any political decision leading to more complex employment legislation can increase the labour costs in the industry and reduce the profitability. Additionally, non compliance with the labour regulations can lead to long term litigations with former or employees or the government.During the last years the large supermarket chains expanded their activities to provide financial services such as credit cards, loans and deposits. Therefore the supermarkets are obliged to comply with the legislation and regulations enacted by the fiscal Services Authority (Financial Services Authority, 2010). Therefore, a possible change in financial services taxation or regulation will affect their profitability. Furthermore, the supermarkets are obliged to pay the equivalent corporate tax at the HM Revenue and Customs.3.2 EconomicalThe economic factors, incidents and situations that affect the food retail industry can be concentrated in the following categories Consumer spending and disposable income, inflation, taxation, interest rates, unemployment, monetary issues, and the recent financial crisis.The recent financial crisis has definitely brought many important changes in the food retail sector as well as to the majority of the industries. However, the effect of the financial crisis did not affect negatively the consumer demand. On the irrelevant the consumer spending in the food retail industry increased from 2007 to 2008 especially in the food products and continues to increase at an well- nigh rate of 5% (National Statistics Mintel report, 2009).The main signification for this trend was that because of the recession, the consumers cut their eating out expenses and started to consume food at home as it is much cheaper. Furthermore the sales of organic food, work products such as television and sound systems and pricey products declined (Mintel report, 2009).On the contrary, the sales of own brand products and strong discounters chains increased indicating the consumers turn in low cost products.The price competition and the importance of food increased the consumer demand and expenditure however it is doubtful if it will continue to rise mainly because of the general economic hesitation and the higher up glide path soulal income taxation.In macroeconomic terms, the GDP after a massive decline in its change rate started to increase after the mid 2009 to reach a positive 0.5% in early 2010. Also, the inflation after a decline during the recession increased in late 2009 which probably led to an increasing trend at groceries prices (National Statistics, 2010). However, the Bank of Eng write down continues to maintain the interest rates at a low level (0.5%), to protect the soft economy (BBC, 2010). This low interest rate will lead to increased consumption because consumers will favour to spend than to save their funds and the food retailers will be able to borrow funds at a low costs to cover their liabilities. This fact will act as compensation to the increased inflation and will probably maintain the prices.Concerning the monetary issues, during the last trinity years the sterling faced a significant decline of approximately (-26%) towards the euro and approximately (-25%) towards the dollar which increased the cost of imported goods in the UK (Yahoo Finance, 2010). Therefore, this situation might force the UK food retailers to construct food manufacturing plants in the United Kingdom and opt UK suppliers. Thus, the grocery retailers will be able to have a stable pricing policy and larger price margins. From 2009 to 2010 the exchange rates fluctuated causing uncertainty and maintaining the food prices highOne of the most important parts of the economic factors that affect the food retail industry is taxation. This is divided to personal income tax for the consumers and to corporation tax for the supermarkets. After May 2010 elections a coalition government between the Conservatives party and the Liberal Democrats party formed and changes are expected in taxation. Concerning income tax an increase in tax contributions is expected in 2010/2011 which will lead to a decline in consumption possibly affecting the more expensive goods and food retailers. On the other hand the corporate tax will be probably reduced during 2010 to boost economy and development. (Vincent, 2010) Therefore, the food retail corporations will be able to afford larger margins to price competition. The above facts will possibly lead the supermarket s to a trend of decreasing prices in basic goods and fashioning aims to maintain consumer spending levels. For example there is a trend at supermarkets to offer products in rounded prices (1, 2) creating an offer impression (Felsted A., 2010).3.3 SocialThe next sector of the PEST analysis is consisted by the social factors that affect the industry such as the demographics, lifestyle, culture and population trends.It is well known that Europes population is getting honest-to-goodness and as years are passing this phenomenon will be more intense. In the United Kingdom (Mintel report, 2009) the average age and the percentage of retired people are rising. This trend has many implications to the food retail industry.First of all, elder people tend to consume less than younger people. This happens because their income which mainly comes from pensions is lower.Secondly, elder people tend to shop from the cheaper discounter retailers. Therefore, the market share of the discounter chains will increase a agnisest the rest of the competitors in the industry (Mintel oxygen, 2009).Also, the additional needs of this age group leads to an increasing trend of online and distance shopping which increase the home grocery deliveries. Thus, the operational costs of the supermarkets increase due to increased expenses for vehicles and personnel. Another implication coming from the ageing population will be the need for new product lines designed for people with various chronic ailments which are common amongst elder people.An important issue that concerns the society is obesity. According to the Health Survey for England, there is an increasing trend of obesity especially in children (NHS, 2009). The health problems and their consequences led the government and various organisations to promote a healthier lifestyle in Britain. Therefore, the consumers health awareness increased and they turned their interest to healthier foods and to more fruit and vegetables. Thus, it can be su pposed that the food retail corporations will continue to adapt to the consumers demand enhancing their existing product lines with new healthier products such as organic foods, low fat and low sugar products and healthy food campaigns. Also, it will be possible to appear products for specific social groups such as people crucifixion from diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and allergies. Therefore, by targeting these consumer groups the food retail corporations will increase their income and improve their corporate social image.Furthermore, the increasing trend of more women entering the workforce, led to the need for ready meals at the supermarkets because women had less time to prepare food after work (International Labour Organisation, 2008). As this trend continues the supermarkets will expand their ready meals intermixture and create new categories depending into cost, calories and taste covering different needs.Also, the presence of different people from different background and culture in the UK changed the structure of the society. According to the UK National Statistics approximately the 10% of the UK population is non-British (UK National Statistics, 2001). Different cultures mean different habits and different food preferences. Therefore, the food retailers often provide goods from all over the world to serve those needs.3.4 TechnologicalThe final element of the PEST analysis concerns the technological factors that are related to the food retail industry. The technological development affected and changed the industry in different categories including consumers, environment, cost, distribution, and logistics.During the last decade, the supermarkets in the United Kingdom took advantage of the internet and they are offering online shopping to the consumers. Through this innovative feature the supermarkets offer their entire catalogue of products to the consumers and the ability to compare prices, search for a product, pay and order for their grocerie s. Therefore, the food retailers reduce their personnel costs magic spell they are able to advertise almost free and make consumers aware of their offers. Also it is not unusual that many products cannot be found inside the stores and are available altogether through e-commerce (Tesco annual report 2009). This is another example of minimising operating costs while increasing sales.Furthermore, the food retail corporations used the learning technology to raise their operations and maximise the organisations efficiency and profitability. Specifically, the management of each organisations functions is assigned to specialised software and digitalisation of operationes. Through the use of innovative technology the cost and the paperwork is reduced and time is saved. Also, the logistics department increases its efficiency because the tack on chain is more efficient controlled and the stock management provides a real and immediate view (Sainsburys annual report 2009).The implementati on of technology can be beneficial for both retailer and consumer. The self-checkout machines reduce the labour costs of the company because they usually require one person per five machines to observe. Also, in that way the consumers save time and control their groceries shopping. The introduction of point earning cards offers discounts and rewards to the consumer while it provides valuable information to the supermarket company about the preferences and habits of each individual. The analysis of this information assists to the companys advertising planning and schema while it offers the ability of targeted marketing (Moody, 1997).The effective application of technology in the distribution and transportation process through energy efficient vehicles protects the environment as it reduces the vehicles carbon emissions. Furthermore, the food retail company improves its corporate social responsibility and reduces the goods transportation cost.Finally, the Universal harvest-time Code or in other words bar-code was an innovation that brought a revolution in the industry. Each product could have its specific bar-code, simplifying the pricing and check-out while saving time and establishing accuracy. Also, the use of wireless technology and the attachment of electronic chips on the products can prevent theft and measure the product availability on shelves. Therefore, the inventory is the supply process becomes faster and the food retail corporations avoid unexpected losses that due to their record book can have a significant cost for the organisation (Food Marketing Institute, 2010).4. Porters five forces analysis Operating EnvironmentTo analyse the operating environment of the food retail industry and evaluate its competitive nature, a Porters Five Forces Analysis, created by E.M Porter professor at Harvard University Business School, will be used. According to Porter the five forces are the industry competitors rivalry, the affright of new entrants, the barga ining role of suppliers, the bargaining power of buyers and the threat of substitutes products or services (Porter, 2004).4.1 The industry competitors rivalry.The competition in the food retail industry is intense. The named big4 supermarkets which are Tesco, Sainsburys, Asda, Morrisons own the 73.3% market share, fact that makes the industry an oligopoly (Mintel report 2009). Below are the identified the major competitors in the industry and their competitive strategies.4.1.1 TescoTesco is the market leader with a market share of 31%, and a total number of outlets 2,282, is traded in the London Stock Exchange and had 41,520m sales and 2,381m profit in 2009. Beyond food products it sells electrical equipment, health products, petrol, clothing, homeware, telecommunications through a joint venture with O2, and financial services through Tesco Bank (Datamonitor, 2009). Also, Tesco is expanding to land telecommunications, construction and youth clothing (Parker Felsted Poulter Minton, 2010) Tescos working out plans target to the development of the small Tesco Express who satisfy the legal size requirement of Sunday trading act to operate on Sunday (DEFRA, 2006). The objectives of Tescos strategy are concentrated in five areas to be a successful international retailer, to grow the core UK business, to be as strong in non-food as in food, to develop retailing services such as Tesco Personal Finance, Telecoms and tesco.com and to put community at the heart of what we do (Tesco Annual report 2009).4.1.2 SainsburysSainsburys is a supermarket chain in the United Kingdom with a market share of 15.4%, and a total number of outlets 792, is traded in the London Stock Exchange and had sales 18,911m and 466m profit in 2009. Sainsburys sells food products, home and garden products, electrical appliances, clothing, health products, sports and leisure products, petrol and offers financial and insurance services. Also, Sainsburys is expanding to Electricity and Gas, broadband and digital TV. Furthermore, Sainsburys collaborates with convenience store chains Bells Stores, Jacksons Stores, and JB Beaumont Stores in a strategic alliance move to increase its market share in the convenience stores battle.Sainsburys concentrate its corporate objectives in five areas Great food at fair prices, Expansion in non-food products and services, Reaching more consumers through alternative distribution channels (online shopping), growing supermarket spot and active property management of existing stores (Datamonitor, 2009 Rigby and Killgren, 2008 Sainsburys annual report, 2009).4.1.3. AsdaAsda is a supermarket chain owned by Walmart a United States of America supermarket corporation. Asda operates in the United Kingdom with a market share of 15.1% and a total number of outlets 356 and had sales 18,573m and 520m profit in 2009. Asda sells food products, health and beauty products, household products and petrol. Also it offers telecommunication services through its own m obile network Asda mobile and clothing through the George stores. Asdas competitive strategy is to differentiate from the competition emphasises in the fresh food, including bakers and butchers in its stores. Also, Asda operates a discount store Asda Essentials with own brand products competing directly with the discounters Lidl and Aldi. In a generic view, Asda targets in price competition boasting better prices and offers. (Datamonitor 2009 Corporatewatch.org.uk, 2004)4.1.4. MorrisonsWm Morrison supermarkets or otherwise Morrisons is the fourth supermarket chain in the United Kingdom. Morrisons have a market share of 11.8% and a total number of outlets 420. Morrisons sells groceries, household products, petrol and teetotal cleaning and photo services. Morrisons operates through its own stores and its subsidiaries with Safeway among others. Morrisons target is to become the Food Specialist for Everyone as it owns 13 manufacturing plants and a fresh food factory. Morrisons concentr ates its strategy round three brand observes Fresh, Value and Service. This means that Morrisons targets to offer fresh food in competitive prices in a premium consumer service. Generally, Morrisons is an emerging power in the industry and tries to gain competitive advantage by connecting the gap between value and high quality products. (Datamonitor, 2009 Wm Morrison annual report, 2009)Examining the nature of competition and the competitive rivalry it can be observed that the market share of mid-size and local grocery retailers is too small and the increasing appearance of big4 convenience stores and the large contumacious costs. This leads to the implication that the competition in the industry is mainly concentrated among the major competitors.The major competitors are operating in a mature market, which pushes them to fiercely compete for market share through price, range and service (DEFRA 2006).In a mature market with a stable population like in the UK the consumption cann ot be increased significantly. Thus, the main objective is to acquire a bigger percentage of the market share pie. Therefore, this situation has driven the grocery retailers to compete in a price war to maintain their customers and if possible to attract more to increase their revenues (Felsted, 2010).For this reason the grocery retailers aim to innovate and minimise the cost to be able to allow larger price margins. Also, taking into account the recent financial crisis and the recession it can be observed that the consumers were cutting their expenses and turned to hard discounters chains such as Lidl and Aldi. (Mintel report, 2009) This situation strengthens the price competition from sophisticated to basic products such as milk, poultry and bread. Also, the major competitors adopted aggressive advertising policy comparing often their prices with competition (Leroux, 2009).Furthermore, to increase their competitiveness supermarkets expand their activities and increase their produc t range. For example they offer in their stores non-food products like electrical equipment, homeware, pharmacy, financial services etc. This action widened their competitive arena, as they compete with a large portion of the retail sector such as electrical equipment, clothing, DoItYourself, piece of furniture and health and beauty stores. The existence of petrol stations at the supermarkets competes directly with the petroleum providers e.g. BP and SHELL. Also, the supermarkets elaboration to financial services e.g. Tesco Bank, place supermarkets to compete with retail banks. It can be suggested that the supermarkets because of the mature food market aim to provide a total package of products and services to their customers covering all their consuming needs and so increasing the food retail industrys sales and profits.4.2 The threat of new entrants.The entrance of new competitors in the food retail industry faces several difficulties. The creation of a new supermarket chain req uires large capital investment, funds for corporate planning, advertising and trading capital. Furthermore, the majority of the industrys market share is acquired by the established big4 chain supermarkets and the margins for expansion are very limited. Also, the acquisitions are very difficult to realise because of the high value of the existing chains. However possible mergers or strategic alliances might spend a penny place. Other barriers to entry in the industry are the large fixed costs and the developed supply chains. Also, the existing dominants of the market benefit from the economies of scale which gives them the ability to adopt an aggressive pricing strategy. Therefore, it is very hard for the smaller retailers to compete and survive in that environment.According to the Competition Commission (2008) there are three different factors that lift entry barriers to the industry a) cost advantages that large grocery retailers have b) the planning regime for grocery retailing and c) the control of land of large grocery retailers.The Competition Commission report divides the large grocery retailers cost advantages in two categories distribution costs and purchasing costs.The large grocery retailers gain benefits from reduced distributions costs occurring by economies of scale and economies of density. The economies of density benefit the supermarkets because they operate satellite distribution centres that serve groups of stores. This process reduces the distribution costs because the distribution centres supply only the short and medium distance branches saving time distance and transportation costs.The economy of scale impact is that the supermarket chains use technology to control the products availability, to maintain the sensitive groceries such as meat and vegetables. Also, the supermarket maximise the efficiency of the distribution from and to suppliers, supermarket stores and consumers.Therefore this acts as another barrier to entry because the la rge supermarket chains have established channels of distribution and a cost effective distribution network supported by their own distribution fleet which covers the majority of the British territory (Competition Commission, 2008).The purchasing costs act as a barrier to entry to the food retail industry. The large supermarket chains because of their high volume purchases are able to deal better prices with their suppliers.Therefore, they are able to offer their products at a lower price in contrast with the smaller retailers who are obliged to purchase at a higher price (Competition Commission, 2008). Also, the big4 chains have already a competitive advantage because they possess knowledge and information about the suppliers. The volume of their sales gives them the ability to make large orders of supplies in lower prices.Another barrier to entry in the industry is the current planning regime for grocery retailing. The planning regulation sets limitations to the ability of new and existing competitors to open new stores in the positions they want. The reasons for this include environmental, competition and town planning issues. Also, the free burning development of supermarket outside towns led the UK government to demand the town centre development since 1996 (Competition Commission, 2008). Additionally the large supermarket chains already control the suitable land and the best locations, which make the rest of the sites expensive and difficult to find.All the barriers to entry in the industry are beneficial to the oligopolistic big4 supermarket chains and allow them to increase their profitability through the reduced costs and by controlling the goods prices.4.3 The bargaining power of suppliers.According to the Datamonitor report (2009) the suppliers in the grocery retail industry include food manufacturers, food processors, farmers, and agricultural co-operatives. The most powerful suppliers are the food manufacturers and the food processors because thei r number is smaller and in some cases they are irreplaceable. The bargaining power of the suppliers is high when they supply the supermarkets with branded goods that are highly demanded by the consumers. The supermarkets cannot apply big pressure to secure low prices and the suppliers can negotiate better prices. Therefore the supermarket chains make long term contracts with certain suppliers while maintaining their deals with a variety of suppliers to keep the switching costs low.Furthermore, the presence of the supermarkets own brands weakens the position of the suppliers and reduces their bargaining power. For example the supermarket chain Sainsburys includes in their product line their own branded Sainsburys ham and the Danepak ham and the consumers prefer them because they are usually sold at lower prices (Ali, 2009). The implication is that the supermarkets gain bargaining power because they are able to change suppliers or to make big orders. However when the food retailers ch oose to cooperate with only a few suppliers they give bargaining power to suppliers. For example big food manufacturer like Nestle have loyal consumers who give high value to the brand. Therefore, the supermar

Spousal Abuse in Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston :: Zora Neale Hurston, short story

You sho is one aggravatin nigger woman this is only one example of the sophisticate in Zora Neale Hurstons short story, Sweat. Spousal abuse is a very customary issue in todays society. Hurston represents this form of abuse through the way the husband talks to his wife and the way he treats her.Delia is a hard-working woman who is very amenable and faithful to her husband, Sykes. Through harsh words, he cuts her down about her work of washing white folks clothes and her looks saying that he hates skinny woman. Delias behavior resembles her hard work, with knuckly hands from using the washboard. Delia has put many hard- earned tears, blood, and sweat into her house while supporting Sykes habits and taking all the abuse he could dish out. On many occasions Sykes has cut down Delia and her kind nature, even to her religious beliefs, accusing her of being a hipocrite because she worked on the Sabbath day.Sykes not only abused Delia emotionally but also physically. One night after an argument between the two where Delia actually had the courage to stand up to him, Sykes got into to bed and threatened that, he oughter squelch her in her mouf fuh drawing dat skillet on him. After they been married only a short few months he gave her the first beating. Others in town knew of the abuse Delia suffered from. One gentlemen from town do the comment one day, Sykes done beat Delia nough tuh kill three women. Many people in the town had little to no respect for Sykes because he beat Delia and Sykes even tried making offers with presents to some of the other mens wives.Besides physical and emotional abuse Delia had to put up with affable abuse from her husband. At one time, Sykes put a snake into a soap box to scare Delia. Knowing that Delia had an enormous fear of snakes, not to diagnose anything as small as an earthworm. Other mental and emotional abuse was that Sykes ran another woman in town, making it known to Delia and everyone else in town. He made it no secret w hen he was going to see Bertha, his mistress. The only thing Delia ever said about his affair was, that ole snaggle-toothed black woman you runnin with aint comin heah to pile up on mah sweat and blood.

Wedding Toasts to the Bride and Groom :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Wedding Toasts to the Bride and GroomThe Upper HandThe following tidbit began a wonderful and own(prenominal) drink in to the bride and groom John, take Emilys hand and place your hand over hers. Now, remember this moment and cherish it... because this will be the last time youll perpetually have the upper hand Toilet RollLet us all hope and pray that your married life is like this toilet surcharge - soft, strong and ever so vast.Never Lie, Cheat, and DrinkMay you never lie, bewray or drink. But if you must lie, lie with each other. And if you must cheat, cheat death. And if you must drink, drink with us for we all love you and wish you both the love and happiness of which you deserve. Let Us ToastLet us toast the health of the bride, let us toast the health of the groom, let us toast the priest who tied. And Id personally like to toast every guest in the room. Swear, Steal, LieMay you swear, steal, and lie.Swear by all thats good and true. Steal away your cares and sorrows. An d lie in the arms of the one you love. Live as spacious as you want May you both live as long as you want and never want as long as you live. Todays recognizeMay the love you express to each other today, always be the first thoughts during any trying times in the future. Love that GrowsI give away the love you both have in each others eyes and as your love grows for one another, may you look back on this day and manage this is when you loved each other the least. Leave It To The ExpertIll be toasting the bride and groom with Shakespeares sonnets. Shakespeares sonnet 18 for the brideShall I compare thee to a summers day? pace art more lovely and more temperateRough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a get outSometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmdAnd every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or natures changing course untrimmdBut thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that f air thou owestNor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growestSo long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this and this gives life to thee.Shakespeares sonnet 53 for the groom